Civil Engineering
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Civil Engineering
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Item Investigation of headway distribution of traffic dominated by motorcycles(8th Advanced Engineering Days (AED) – 8 December 2023 – Mersin, Türkiye, 2023) Abdulrahman, H. S.; Kolo, S. S.; Abubakar, Mahmud; Shehu, M.The use of lower class vehicles such as two or three wheelers have become the preferred urban transport in some developing countries. However, most of the traffic theories adopted are from developed countries where cars are prevalent. The headway probability distribution models can be used to describe vehicle-to-vehicle interactions. Most of these distributions are parametric and makes an underlining assumption about the data. A case study was conducted to investigate the performance of the different probability distributions that best describes the vehicle to vehicle interaction of motorcycle dominated road in Bida, Niger state Nigeria. The different parametric distributions and non-parametric distribution (Kernel) of the data were tested for the goodness-of-fit. The test results indicate that the kernel distribution fits best with improved P-values which in turn gives a better description for the headways than other distribution models considered. This study can serve as a foundation for developing generalized headway models in developing countriesItem Effectiveness of Locust Bean Epicarp Extract on Re-vibrated Concrete Using Pebbles from Bida Environs as Coarse Aggregate(Sustainable Education and Development—Clean Energy Proceedings of the Applied Research Conference in Africa (ARCA), 2023, 2023) Abbas, Bala Alhaji; Mohammed, Tahir Abdul,; Yusuf, Abdulazeez; Kolo, Daniel Ndakuta; Abubakar, Mahmud; Abdullahi, AliyuIn this research, the effect of re-vibrated concrete using locust bean epicarp extract and Bida natural stone (Pebbles) as coarse aggregate was presented. Design/Methodology/Approach: The concrete mix of 1:2:4 and water cement ratio of 0.5 was adopted respectively. One hundred and sixty-eight (168) concrete cubes were produced in six (6) batches, 28 cubes were produced for control (mix A = 0% LBEE + 100% OPC) and 28 for (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20%) cement reduction respectively. Findings: The results of preliminary test of the aggregates indicate that they are suitable for concrete production and the chemical analysis of LBEE showed that it is a very good pozzolana. Concrete cubes were cast with re vibration time lag intervals of 10 min for the period of 60 min re-vibration process and cured for 7 and 28 days. The result shows that introduction of LBEE improve the compressive strength of concrete. The result obtained also shows that there is increase in compressive strength with the increase in re-vibration time lag of LBEE concrete, hence the maximum compressive strength was obtained at 60 min for all batches. The maximum compressive strength obtained at 28 days curing was 35.70 N/mm2 for B (0% cement reduction) at 60% re-vibration which is higher than 34.0 N/mm2 for control mix A. The optimum cement reduction of concrete made incor porating LBEE without re-vibration and the one with re-vibration is 5% and 20% respectively. Practical Implications: This types of concrete can be used for struc tural application such as in the construction of reinforced concrete slabs, beams, columns and foundations. Social Implications: In order to provide adequate housing for over increasing population of people in Bida and Environs the use of Locust Bean Epicarp Extract on Re-vibrated Concrete Using Pebbles from Bida as coarse aggre gate should be encouraged by individuals and government at all levels. This will also lead to reduction in construction cost of houses in Nigeria and create employment to the rural dwellers where locust bean trees are grown. Originality and Value:This study contributed to the pool of knowledge on how Locust Bean Epicarp Extract and concrete Re-vibration has improved the strength of concrete. Thus 20% and 5% is recommended as the optimum cement reduction of concrete made incorporating LBEE with re-vibration and the one without re-vibration respectively.Item Quality Assessment of Commercial Sandcrete Blocks in Minna Metropolis, Niger State(Nigerian Journal of Technology, 2022) Abubakar, Mahmud; Omotoriogun, VictorThe spate of building collapse across the country over the years has raised questions about the quality of building materials and the need to investigate their suitability for construction. Sandcrete blocks are of interest been the most popular masonry unit widely employed in construction of walling units for building structures, hoardings of construction sites and foundations, in Nigeria. The aim of this study is to assess the quality of commercial Sandcrete blocks produced in Minna metropolis, Niger State, for compliance with existing standards: Nigerian Industrial Standard and Nigerian Building Code. The research was appraised through field surveys methods, sampling and laboratory experiments conducted on sixteen (16) selected block factories in Minna metropolis. A total of eighty (80) nine-inch blocks, five (5) each, were sampled from each factory and subjected to dimensional checks, water absorption and compressive strength tests. The results obtained from the laboratory experiments showed that the dimension, compressive strength and water absorption capacity of the sampled blocks were below standard specifications. The highlight of the field survey carried out showed discrepancies in the mix proportioning, curing practices and age of blocks utilized in the factories against those of the standards. Consequently, it was recommended that blocks produced in Minna should never be used for load bearing walls.Item Durability of Sun Dried Clay Bricks Admixed with Cow Cone ash for Sustainable Development(USEP: Journal of Research Information in Civil Engineering, 2022) Abubakar, Mahmud; Abdullahi, Hashim; Yabagi, Maikudi Sani; Adamu, Hawawu NanaHousing has remained a major challenge in Nigeria because of the increasing population and cost of building materials. To tackle the problem of housing deficit in the country, the government of Nigeria for some time now has been clamoring for the use of local materials in the construction industry to limit costs of construction. Thus, this paper looks at the potential of using cow bone ash (CBA) to improve the durability of sun dried clay brick for sustainable development. Consistency properties, shrinkage, compressive strength and crack behavior of clay-cow-bone ash bricks were investigated in accordance with relevant codes and standards. It was however observed that, consistency properties and shrinkage decreased with increased percentage cow-bone ash addition while compressive strength and crack improved up to 10% CBA addition indicating that buildings made of clay-CBA composite could be more stable and durable than the ones made from clay alone. It is therefore recommended that Cow-bone ash can be used to improve the durability of clay brick at optimum addition level of 10%. Clay brick admixed with cow bone ash strongly contributes to the attainment of 12 out of the 17 sustainable development goals.Item Reliability-Based Code Calibration in Civil Engineering: A Critical Review(USEP: Journal of Science and Engineering Production, 2021) Abubakar, Mahmud; Aguwa, J. I.; Abdullahi, M.; Sadiku, S.The use of new materials and the complexities in modern civil engineering infrastructures call for a systematic attempt to find accurate design solutions. It is clear that deterministic values are not reliable and that their use in the design of civil engineering structures can lead to instant failures. Thus, the use of the probability theory to determine the most reliable value of a parameter for the design of civil engineering structures is very relevant. This work is intended to review the literature on the application of probability theory in the calibration of civil engineering design codes. Consequently, to better evaluate designs and design details, it is important to understand the techniques as highlighted herein.Item Top Cited Articles on Structural Engineering Reliability by the Nigerian Authors(USEP: Journal of Research Information in Civil Engineering, 2020) Abubakar, Mahmud; Aguwa, J. I.; Abdullahi, M.; Sadiku, S.; Oritola, S. F.This study analyses the characteristics of top-cited articles on structural reliability with at least one author affiliated to Nigeria. A search in the Google Scholar database for articles published between 2010 and 2020 was carried out. From the top-cited articles, variables related to the journal, article, and authors, such as journal ranking from SCImago Journals & Country Rank (SJR), H-index, author affiliations, international research collaboration, and source of funding were collected and descriptively analysed. A sample of 25 original reports was identified from the search. The average citations per year ranged between 0.10 and 6.1. The articles were published in 20 different journals (36% found in only four journals) with five of them based in Nigeria. It was observed, that international collaboration on reliability-based researches was present in 4% of the articles, and funding was reported in just 1 article. Articles having Nigerians as first authors were reported in 100% of the articles. Articles with authors affiliated to ABU, Zaria were more frequent in the sample. A list of top-cited articles is thus, presented to provide an overview of the top-cited articles. This study could aid in supporting further analyses regarding publication, citation behaviours, research funding and international collaboration of structural reliability based researches in Nigeria.Item Performance of Fly Ash-Based Inorganic Polymer Mortar with Petroleum Sludge Ash(Polymers MDPI, 2021) Kankia, Usman Mubarak; Baloo, Lavania; Danlami, Nasiru; Bashar, S. Mohammed; Haruna, Sani; Abubakar, Mahmud; Jagaba, AhmadHussaini; Khalid, Sayed; Isyaka, Abdulkadir; Ibrahim, Umar SalihiPetroleum sludge is a waste product resulting from petroleum industries and it is a major source of environmental pollution. Therefore, developing strategies aimed at reducing its environmental impact and enhance cleaner production are crucial for environmental mortar. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used in designing the experimental work. The variables considered were the amount of petroleum sludge ash (PSA) in weight percent and the ratio of sodium silicate to sodium hydroxide, while the concentration of sodium hydroxide was kept constant in the production of geopolymer mortar cured at a temperature of 60 °C for 20 h. The effects of PSA on density, compressive strength, flexural strength, water absorption, drying shrinkage, morphology, and pore size distribution were investigated. The addition of PSA in the mortar enhanced the mechanical properties significantly at an early age and 28 days of curing. Thus, PSA could be used as a precursor material in the production of geopolymer mortar for green construction sustainability. This study aimed to investigate the influence of PSA in geopolymer mortar.Item Performance Evaluation of Concealed Beams in Reinforced Concrete Slabs: A Focus on Load Carrying Capacity and Deflection(Nile Journal of Engineering and Applied Science, 2023) Abubakar, Mahmud; Haruna, M. I.; Abdullahi, HashimThe utilization of hidden beams in large span reinforced concrete slab construction has gained attention as a potential solution to mitigate excessive deflection. However, the absence of explicit mention in standard civil engineering literature, codes, and standards raises questions regarding its effectiveness. This paper presents a performance-based analysis of two different cases of slab arrangements involving hidden beams, employing REVIT and ROBOT Structure software. The analysis considers dead and live load combinations in accordance with the design guidelines specified in BS8110. The results of the performance-based analysis demonstrate a significant 10% reduction in the span moment for slabs incorporating hidden beams, indicating their potential to reduce deflection. However, the differences observed in terms of support moment, deflection, and stress patterns within the slabs are not significant. These findings suggest that the presence of hidden beams yields only a slight but meaningful impact on reducing deflection. Considering the observed benefits, it is recommended to cautiously consider the use of hidden beams in large slab construction projects. However, additional research and analysis are necessary to assess other factors such as specific project requirements, cost implications, structural integrity, and construction feasibility. Further investigations should encompass a broader range of parameters, including different load combinations, variations in hidden beam width, and comprehensive cost analysis. By conducting thorough evaluations, a more comprehensive understanding of the effectiveness and feasibility of hidden beams in reducing deflection in large slab construction can be obtained, facilitating informed decision-making regarding their utilization.Item Optimization of Cement-Based Mortar Containing Oily Sludge Ash byResponse Surface Methodology(Materials, MDPI, 2021) Kankia, Mubarak Usman; Baloo, Lavania; Danlami, Nasiru; Samahani, Wan Nurliyana; Mohammed, Bashar S.; Haruna, Sani; Jagaba, Ahmad Hussaini; Abubakar, Mahmud; Effa, Affiana Ishak; Khalid, Sayed; Zawawi, Noor Amila Bt WanIn the industries of petroleum extraction, a large volume of oily sludge is being generated. This waste is usually considered difficult to dispose of, causing environmental and economic issues. This study presented the novel experimental method of manufacturing mortar used in civil construction by cement and oily sludge ash (OSA). The defined method was described with a logical experimental study conducted to examine a feasible manufacturing method for casting cement-based mortars by partially replacing cement with OSA. Replacement concentrations for OSA ranged from 0 to 20 percent by cement weight, while the water-to-cement (w/c) ratio was varied from 0.4 to 0.8, and the amount of sand was kept constant. The strengths and absorption rate of the mortar were monitored for 28 days. The OSA contains a crystalline structure with packs of angular grains. Because of OSA in the cement-based mortar mixtures and water-to-cement ratios, the mechanical strength was improved significantly. However, the water absorption trend increased linearly. Using variance analysis, the influence of OSA and w/c ratio on the behavior of mortar was acquired. The developed models were significant for all p-value reactions of <5%. Numerical optimization results showed that the best mixture can be obtained by replacing 8.19 percent cement with OSA and 0.52 as a ratio of w/c.Item EFFECTS OF IRON ORE TAILINGS (IOT) ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE(Conference Proceedings, 1st Faculty of Engineering and Technology Conference (FETiCON 2023), Jun. 5 - 7, 2023, University of Ilorin, Nigeria, 2023) Balarabe, F.; Abubakar, MahmudA lot of research has shown that iron ore tailings (IOT) is not only a source of pollutant but also has good pozzolanic properties. However, the behaviour of IOT concrete in service is yet to be fully reported. This research investigates the effect of IOT on the mechanical properties of concrete whose fine aggregates is partially replaced with IOT. Fine aggregates content in concrete of mix ratio 1:2:4 of 10 to 40% was replaced with IOT. Young’s modulus and Poisson ratio of the resulting concrete beams were determined by compression test. The results showed that 20% replacement of fine aggregates by IOT in the concrete mix gave the best mechanical properties of the resulting concrete. The Young’s modulus of the concrete was seen to increase by 26.53% when with 20% IOT content when compared to that without IOT. The Poisson ratio at 20% IOT content was seen to also decrease by 61.54% when compared to that without IOT. As such, 20% IOT for fine aggregate content replacement in concrete mix 1:2:4 is recommended for structural uses.