Chemical Engineering

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Chemical Engineering

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Canarium Shwelfurthll (Persley) A Source of Vegetable Oil
(Journal of Applied Science and Education (JASAE), 2002) Eterigho E. J.
Indirect leaching was used to extract oil from Canarium shwelfurthll (commonly called Persley fruit). The leaching was carried out in three stages at different particle sizes and time. From the analysis, particle size 0.250mm gave the highest yield, which are 31.50%, 37.80%, 42.30% and 42.38% at various time for the three stages respectively. The extracted persley oil was characterized. "The saponification value was 191.44, while the acid was 0.622, peroxide 10.42, iodine 86.04 and free fatty acid 1.41 respectively. The specific gravity and refractive index were 0.912 and 1.466 respectively.
Catalytic Degradation of Polyethylene to Gas Oil using Synthesized Clay Based Copper Modified Catalyst
(Nigeria Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NJEAS), 2015-04) Babatunde, E. O.; David, I.; Olutoye, M. A.; Akpan U. G.; Eterigho Elizabeth Jumoke
In this study local clay was pretreated, characterized, modified and used as catalyst for the degradation of low-density polyethylene (LDPE). The raw clay was thermally treated at 800 °C for 4 h in a furnace which was later modified by incorporating copper into it through impregnation method. The functionalities of the catalyst were determined based on their characterization. X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared, scanning electron microscope, X-Ray Florescence and surface area determination were done for both the raw clay and modified catalysts. Characterization of the catalysts revealed that the interaction between CuO/clay formed a synergetic mixed oxides and this is an important factor to its catalytic activity. The product obtained was analysed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry and the product was mainly composed of hydrocarbons in the carbon range of C- C, which is the hydrocarbon range of gas oil (diesel) fraction. Also, the data obtained showed that at catalyst loading of 1.0 g, 5.0 g of polyethylene feedstock and reaction temperature of 250 °C, the yield of gas oil was 50.22%. The catalyst easily separates from the product mixture.
Characterization of Kaolin Clay from Kutigi and Its De-Aluminated form for Catalysts Development towards Economic growth of Nigeria
(APWEN International conference (a division of NSE) Kano, 2017-09) Omale, Friday David; Eterigho Elizabeth J.; Baaki, Monica Alueshima
Kaolin, a product of natural hydrated aluminium silicate which has undergone refinement is a type of clay material which is usually in powder form and is whitish in colour. It is a soft sedimentary rock which has light weight and a chalk-like appearance. The chemical analysis of the kaolin obtained from Kutigi in Niger State by X-ray fluorescence shows that the clay is mainly composed of silica and alumina which are 50.94% and 32.93% respectively. The de-alumination of the clay by action of H2SO4 shows that a large percentage of the silica in the clay was removed. X-ray fluorescence of the de-aluminated clay shows a higher alumina content (76.236%) and silica (1.095%) indicating its removal.
Determination of the Kinetic Parameters in Adhesive Production
(2008) Olutoye, M. A.; Eterigho, E. J.; Agbajelola, D. O.
This work is aimed at developing a mathematical model to determine the concentration of Hydrogen Sulphide pollutant in air from the gas flare of a refinery. To achieve this, experimental data on concentration of Hydrogen Sulphide from Kaduna refinery and petrochemical company Nigeria were collected and the dispersion model was developed based on Gaussian distribution principle. The simulation of the model was carried out using visual basic programming. It was observed from the simulated result that the gas dispersion model developed for Hydrogen Sulphide showed a remarkable agreement with the dispersion pattern, and agrees with the experimental results with a correlation co efficient of 0.98. Thus, the model can be used to determine the safe distance for human habitation from an industrial area and the refinery in particular.
Development and Characterization of Lubricating Oil from Petroleum Base Source (500N)
(Journal of Science, Technology and Mathematics Education (JOSTMED), 2003) Kefas H. M.; Edoga M. O.; Kovo A. S.; Eterigho E. J.
Lubricating oils were formulated from a petroleum base oil (500N oil) obtained from Nigerian National Petroleum corporation (NNPC) using simplex lattice design. Subsequently, the lubricant samples were characterized according to ASTM methods to define the following physicochemical properties: kinematic viscosity (at 40"C and 100°C), specific gravity, API gravity, viscosity index, flash point, pour point, total base number and appearances. The results showed that the samples were of the motor oil grades of SAE 30, SAE 40 and SAE and 20W50 based on their viscosities. Samples 5 and 6 of SAE20 and W50 grades were the best since they have specifications close to the acceptable standards world wide with viscosity indices of 126 and 124, respectively,
Effect of Modification on Conventional Preparation Method for Sulphated Zirconia on the Production of Fatty Acid Methyl Ester
(Asian Journal of Engineering and Technology, 2014-06) Eterigho, Elizabeth Jumoke; Farrow, T. Salome; Ogbuka, P. Chidi
Sulphated zirconia was synthesized using different volume of sulphating agent in order to optimize its catalytic property: (1) in the first case the “conventional” 15 ml H2SO4 to 1g of Zr(OH)4 for impregnation was used in wet-precipitation method and the catalyst designated ‘wp’ and (2) same procedure but with modification in volume of acid; 2 ml of H2SO4 was used for 1g of Zr(OH)4, ‘mwp’. The properties of the uncalcined and calcined catalysts were examined by various techniques: EDX, XPS, XRDP, Py-DRIFTS and BET nitrogen adsorption techniques. The sulphur content in the uncalcined (‘mwp’ and ‘wp’) catalysts was the same; 0.07 mol each whereas the calcined catalysts were 0.07 mol and 0.05 mol for ‘mwp’ and ‘wp’ respectively. BET surface area was determined to be 65.0 m2/g for wp and 101m2/g for ‘mwp’. The effect of the variation of sulphating agent on the catalyst activity was investigated in catalytic cracking of triglycerides for fatty acid methyl esters. Sulphated zirconia from the modified conventional method was found to perform better than the conventional wet-precipitated sulphated zirconia. Furthermore, ‘mwp’ retained approximately 74 % of its sulphur content after 3 h reaction whereas ‘wp’ catalyst lost 100% during the reaction as indicated by SEM-EDX. Interestingly, the results show variation in characterization and in their selectivity to different types of fatty acid methyl esters under the same reaction conditions. The ‘mwp’ catalyst showed higher catalytic activity for methyl ester yield of 40 % as well as higher selectivity for saturated methyl esters
Formulation of Hydraulic Brake Fluid Using Castor Oil as A Base Stock: Physiochemical Properties of Castor Oil and the hydraulic fluid
(Journal of Science, Technology and Mathematics Education (JOSTMED), 2002) Eterigho E. J.; Edoga M. O.
Indirect leaching was used to extract castor oil from the castor beans. A hydraulic brake fluid was formulated by mixing the castor oil, solvents and other additives at various proportions using unifactor design approach. Both the castor oil and brake fluid was analysed to determine their physiochemical properties. Results show that the castor oil has high viscosities of 29.29Cst and 19.54Cst at 40oC and 100 oC , respectively, specific gravity of 0.927 at 30oC/30oC, acid and saponification values of 3.5 and 186.0 respectively. On the other hand, the best fitted formulation (Castor oil, solvent and additives) of hydraulic brake fluid has reduced viscosities of 19.54Cst and 2.33 Cst at 40°C and 100°C respectively. The flash and boiling points were found to be 124.25 and 220.05 respectively.
Investigation into the Properties of Clay doped with Silver Ion for Use as a Catalyst
(Journal of Science and Technology Research (JSTR), 2007) Olutoye, M. A.; Eterigho, E. J.; Agbajelola, O. D.
The work on the investigation into the properties of clay doped with silver ion for use as a catalyst has been carried out. The clay sample from llorin from llorin, Kwara State, Nigeria was ground, sieved and calcined in a furnace at a temperature of 550- 600'C for a period of 6hrs. The sample was doped with silver ion using 0.2M of NaOH/NaCl Solution with 0.2M AgNO, in a ratio 2:1. The sample was than analyzed using X-ray fluorescence equipment (XRF) [Cement X-ray spectrometer, PW 1660, Philips X-ray Analyser) with a monitor. The following results were obtained 33.44% SiO2, 23.11% 1120g, 9.87% Fe203, 3.86% CaO, 1.98% MgO, 0.01% SO3, 0.87% K,0, 0.71% Na2O, 8.61% L.O.I, 3.03% L.S.F, 1.01S/R and 2.34% A/R for the calcined sample. While that of the doped samples are 33.15% SO2, 22.10 Al203, 9.23%Fe203, 4,44% CaO, 1.99% MgO, 0.04% SO3, 0.96% K2O, 8.10 L. O.1, 3.55 L.S.F, 1.06 S/R and 2.39 A/R. These results when compare with samples having catalytic properties was found to be suitable for use as a catalyst.
Modelling of a Gas Absorption Column for CO2-NaOH System under Unsteady-State Regime
(Leonardo Electronic Journal of Practices and Technologies, 2008-01) OLUTOYE, Moses Aderemi; ETERIGHO, Elizabeth Jumoke
The research work on the unsteady state behaviour of gas absorption column for CO2-NaOH system was carried out using the armfield gas absorption column. A model equation was developed by considering material balance around the system. The concentrations of the inlet and outlet liquid streams and the gas outlet stream varied as functions of time, while all other parameters, gas inlet stream concentration, and tank volume, were constant. Model equations were derived for the time dependent parameters and the model compared with experiments conducted for duration of 90 minutes showed that 0.2 gram mole/litre of NaOH solution reacts with CO2 to give 0.1 gram mole/litre of Na2CO3.This clearly shows that the results of experiments conducted were in agreement with the model results
Optimization of Operating Parameters in the Extraction of Caustic Potash (KOH) from Palm Kernel Bunch (An Agricultural By-Product) Ash
(Journal of Applied Science and Education (JASAE), 2001) Eterigho E. J.
Extraction of potassium hydroxide from palm kernel bunch ash was carried out at various temperatures and times. This paper therefore highlights the effect of temperature and time on the yield of potassium hydroxide from palm kernel bunch. It further optimized these parameters called operating parameters to get the best-fitted combination of temperature and time that gives the maximum yield of potassium hydroxide. The various data were used to form an objective function, with yield as dependent variable. The temperatures and times were used as the independent variables. The most suitable equation was selected based on regression analysis and optimized using the one-at-a-time method. The result shows that the optimum yield was 33.78% at 630.76°C and 9 hours 9 minutes for temperature and ashing period respectively.
Physical Characteristics of Ukpor and Ahoko Clay deposit for use as industrial raw materials
(Advanced Materials Research: Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Switzerland, 2007-06-15) Eterigho, E. J.; Olutoye, M. A.
The physical properties of some Nigerian clays were studied in order to determine their suitability for a variety of industrial applications. From the analysis, the specific gravity of Ukpor and Ahoko clays were 1.89 and 2.26 respectively and the Plasticity Index 26.05% and 22.45%, drying shrinkage was 18.90% and 8.2% and particle size distribution showed that the samples are clays. The results show that the physical properties of the clays are within the specifications for kaolin clays and are suitable for industrial uses
Problems and Challenges of Synthesis of Zeolite and Zeolite-Like Micro-Porous Materials in Nigeria
(The 1st Nigeria Conference on Zeolite at Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria., 2006) Edoga, M. O.; Eterigho, E. J.; Kovo, A. S.; Ali, M. S.
In the last few years considerable effort has been made targeted at the synthesis of zeolite and zeolite-like microporous materials with predetermined physicochemical and catalytic properties. However, the position of Nigeria in this global feat cannot be easily defined hence the need for this paper. The problems of zeolite synthesis in Nigeria were highlighted. This is due basically to the non-availability of equipment to conduct detailed analysis of the raw materials and product as well as lack of technical know-how in the area of zeolite synthesis. Also, the absence of common platform for zeolite scientists and technologist for cross fertilization of ideas is another set-back. In this paper, solution was also proffered which if well implemented will launch Nigeria into the amazing world of zeolite and its applications.
Production and Characterization of Biodegradable Plastic from Nigeria Cassava Starch
(International Conference on Engineering, Science and Applications (ICESA, 2017), Toshi Center, Tokyo, Japan, 2017-08) Eterigho, E. J.; Farrow, T. S.; Ejejigbe, Silver E; Onaivia, Ene C.
The use of synthetic polymer in the industries and household packaging for various purposes has increased, however, it possesses environmental challenge due to its nondegradability. This research therefore focused on the production of a biodegradable plastic by blending various composition of poly vinyl alcohol (PVA), additives and cassava starch. The product produced (plastic) were extruded, analysed and tested for biodegradability under natural conditions. The results obtained were compared with the conventional polymer. The density of the produced plastic was 0.83 Kg/m3, melting temperature was 200oC and its water adsorption rate was 1.3% per day. The tensile strength was 23.63N/mm2 compared to 10.86N/mm2 and 8.29N/mm2 for polyethene and paper respectively. The results showed excellent retention of physical, thermal, structural and mechanical property required in plastics. Thus, indicating the possibility of universal application of Nigeria cassava starch as a source of biodegradable agent in plastic films production
Quality Improvement of an Acid Treated Fuel Oil
(Leonardo Electronic Journal of Practices and Technologies, 2008-01) Eterigho, Elizabeth Jumoke; Olutoye, M. A.
The work on the quality improvement of fuel oil using acid treatment was carried out. The improvement of the fuel oil was done using sulphuric acid to remove contaminants. Sulphuric acid at different concentrations were mixed with the oil and kept at 45°C for four hours in the agitator vessel to allow reaction to take place. Acidic sludge was then drained off from the agitator and the oil was neutralized with sodium hydroxide. Centrifugation operation was used to extract the sulphonate dispersed in the oil. The treated and untreated oils were characterized for various properties and the results showed that the viscosity, total sulphur of fuel oil decreased from 6.0 to before 5.0 cst after acid treatment and 2.57 to 1.2225% w/w respectively while the flash point increased from 248 to 264°F. The water and sediment content increased from trace before to 0.6 after treatment. In addition, the calorific value increased from initial value of 44,368 to 44,805 and 44,715 kJ/kg at 50% and 75% conc. H2SO4 while decreasing with 85% and 90% conc. H2SO4. However, both carbon residue and ash content decreases with an increase in acid concentration.
Recovery of Zinc and Manganese dioxide from spent Zn-C dry cells
(Journal of Science, Technology and Mathematics Education (JOSTMED), 2001-04) Eterigho E. J.; Adediran Y. A.
Hydrometallurgical process is used to recover zinc and manganese dioxide (MnO,) from spent zinc-carbon dry cell. The process, which involves electroplating of zinc and oxidation of manganese dioxide, allows for easy separation of the components. The design can produce 10kg/day of MnO, and zinc, made up of 5.38 kg. of MnO, and 4.62 kg. of zinc per day. Other metals, which are recovered in the process, include mercury, nickel and iron. The annual production cost is estimated at about A3,088,775 for a total production rate of 3000kg per year, giving a profit of N1, 651,104.69.
Spent Zn-C Dry Cells as a Source of Manganese
(Nigerian Journal of Engineering and Development (NJERD), 2004) Eterigho E. J.; Adediran Y. A.
This paper presents a possible way of enhancing the availability of raw materials for our local battery industry. Spent Zn-C dry cells were collected pre-treated and subjected to various processes like grinding. leaching, and alkalization. The method used is called the hydrometallurgical method, which allows for easy separation of the various components of the spent cell Manganese, dioxide was extracted from the spent dry cells (Zn-C) and hydrogen gas was passed over it to produce manganese metal. From the process, 5.38kg/day of manganese was recovered. This shows about 91% of manganese recovered.
Synthesis, Characterization and Evaluation of two Forms of Sulphated Zirconia for Biofuel Production by Triglyceride Cracking
(Bioenergy III Conference: Present and New Perspectives on Biorefineries Lanzarote, Canary Islands, Spain, 2011-05-22) Eterigho, E. J.; Lee, J. G. M.; Harvey, A. P.
Catalyst technology has a substantial impact on the sustainability of industrial processes, products, environment, the economics and quality of life of any country. Currently the world is becoming increasingly, environmentally aware and renewable transport fuels such as biodiesel are becoming increasingly prevalent. Currently, the major technical challenges in conventional biodiesel production (by transesterification with methanol) are: unwanted side reactions, difficult downstream separations, and ensuring sustainability l"?. Catalysis can make a significant contribution to improving this process, as the load on downstream processes would be greatly reduced, and the flow sheet greatly simplified, thereby reducing capital cost. However, another catalytic-based solution is heterogeneously catalysed vegetable oil cracking 2) This would remove the dependence on methanol, which is seldom produced. sustainably and is a significant process cost. Current challenges to catalysis of this reaction include maximizing efficiency and ensuring that the catalyst is chemically and thermally stable, and can be regenerated Catalytic properties are strongly affected by preparation method 3). Hence it is necessary for researchers to investigate different methods of preparation in order to optimise catalyst performance. Sulphated zirconia is a super-acid catalyst, used for many organic reactions. However, it has been found to be susceptible to leaching, rapid deactivation during catalytic reactions and a relatively small surface area when prepared through the conventional method.