Mechanical Engineering

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Mechanical Engineering

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A STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF DEGRADATION ON INDUSTRIAL GAS TURBINE PERFORMANCE
(Journal of Science, Technology, Mathematics and Education (JOSTMED), FUT Minna, 2016-03-15) Nasir, .A.; Usman, .S. A.; Mohammed, .A.; Muhammed, .S. N.; Bori Ige
Component degradation is a very common problem associated with operating industrial gas turbines. The major components so affected by this phenomenon are compressor, combustor and turbine blades. This paper studied the effect of degradation on gas turbine performance. The study involved the analyses of operating parameters effects for Siemens gas turbine engines model SGT5 – 2000E coded GT11 and GT21 in the power stations at Geregu power stations. The parameters considered were ambient temperature, exhaust temperature, combustion chamber pressure and turbine entry temperature, GT11 is degraded while GT21 is newly installed engine both in the same location at Geregu I and II power stations in Ajaokuta, Kogi State in the North central part of Nigeria.Simulations were carried out using Gas turb 11 simulation software, results of engine performance parameters were compared and it was revealed that due to component degradation, the turbine entry temperature (TET) increased to 1049.67oC, the fuel flow increased by 8.49% and power fell by 7.14%. Consequently, the cost of power loss is one hundred and eighty-seven million, one hundred and eleven thousand, seven hundred and fifty-three naira ninety-two kobo (₦187,111,753.92k) over a period of one year for the degraded gas turbine.
An evaluation of mechanical properties and estimation of environmental reduction factors in welded API X70 steel pipeline in natural seawater
(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2023-06-20) Oyewole, Adedipe; Adulrahman, Bala Gambo; Joseph, Babalola Agboola; Kafayat Toyin, Obanimomo; Asipita, Salawu Abdulrahman
Due to the detrimental effect of damage induced by seawater in pipeline structures, there is a need to investigate the effects of natural seawater and air environments on mechanical properties of representative pipeline materials, to obtain useful data for estimation of their service lives. Hence, in this work, a X70 steel pipeline plate was welded using submerged arc welding technique; and subjected to air and natural seawater environments. Test specimens were soaked in seawater for twelve months at 28 °C. The parent plates, weld regions and the heat affected zones were investigated by evaluating their mechanical properties and fracture surfaces. The experimental findings revealed that the tensile strengths of parent and weld were 634.00 MPa and 674.00 MPa respectively, while the compressive stresses were 750.10 MPa and 750.40 MPa respectively with highest hardness value of 239HV. The findings also revealed that weld area and heat affected zone depend on material thickness, heat input and possible effect of residual stresses in the weldment. The fracture surfaces of test specimens showed combination of brittle and ductile failure mechanisms. Comparison of the test results revealed that seawater had significant effect on the mechanical properties and surface morphology of the API X70 steel pipeline with respect to immersion time.
Analysis of Exhaust Gas Emissions from Gasoline engine-powered passenger vehicles in Nigeria
(International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT), 2016-04-22) Nasir, .A.; Bori Ige; Shiru, .B. S.; Mohammed, .A.
Emissions from vehicles in developing country constitute a large percentage of global emissions. The study involved the analysis of exhaust emissions using a gas analyser. The vehicles studied are mini buses and private vehicles of different model of carswhich constitute about 80% of the vehicles on Nigeria roads. It was established that the main types of exhaust gases from the automobiles were CO2, NO2, CO, and O2. The highest emission of CO2 was found to be 413.13 mg/m3 in the 2007 Peugeot car model. The highest exhaust gas emission of NOx, O2 and CO was discovered in the 1998 Honda passenger car model and recorded as 40.23 mg/m3, 45.41mg/m3 and 192.43 mg/m3respectively. The study of emissions will spur further studies on more efficient combustor design aimed at minimizing emissions.
Case Hardening of Mild Steel Using Animal Bone, Charcoal and Sea Shells as Carburizers
(Nigeria Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NJEAS), FUT Minna, 2016-08-24) Muriana, .R. A.; Bori Ige; Abubakre, .O. K.; Abu, .J. O.; Sani, .C. E.
Samples of Mild steel were treated in carburizing media which included animal bone, wood charcoal and sea shells at varied temperatures. Micro structural analyses, chemical composition tests, and mechanical properties tests were carried out on the carburized samples. Results indicated that the treated samples could be used in local production of some engineering components such as gears in place of imported components where hardness is considered together with toughness. The case hardening of the mild steel with charcoal granules gave the highest carburization of 0.905% on the surface with the highest hardness value of 69.3 HRA.
Cavitational Deterioration of Diesel Power Plant Cylinder Liner
(Journal of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, 2020-12-10) Bako, .S.; Nasir, .A.; Bori Ige; Musa, .N.
The generating station in which diesel engine is used as a prime mover for generating electrical energy is known as diesel power plant. The cylinders liner are cylindrical component that are fixed inside the engine block. The function of the cylinder liners is to retain the working fluid and to guide the piston. Most diesel power plant uses wet-cylinder liners that are exposed to intensive cavitation. The paper aimed at studying the behavior of the cylinder liners that can lead to cavitation. The analysis involves, modeling and simulation in using Solidworks Software. The analysis shows that the cylinders are subjected to harmonic vibration resulting to momentary separation of the coolant from the cylinder wall, creating a pressure difference around the coolant surface which forms air bubbles. These bubbles explode at an extreme velocity. The explosion of these bubbles release surface energy known as cavitation. The energy hammers the cylinder liner surface thereby removing minute particles of metal from the surface of the vibrating cylinder leading to cavitational deterioration. The paper hereby calls on automotive designers to take critical measures in designing of; cylinder liner, water jacket and the entire cooling system, in order to control this phenomenon.
Characterization and Management of Solid Waste Generated in Nasarawa LGA in Nasarawa State, Nigeria
(Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research, 2016-01-18) Nasir, .A.; Kasimu, .U.; Bori Ige; Mohammed, .A.
Solid wastes constitute a significant amount to environmental hazard in the society. The need to characterize solid wastes as an initial step to proffer solution to the problem of solid waste management cannot be over emphasized. In Nasarawa local government area (LGA) in Nasarawa state, the solid waste materials are characterized into six (6) different materials type which includes paper/cardboard, plastic food pack/plastic bottles, metal cans, food waste, polythene bags/polystyrene food pack and other combustible miscellaneous waste material. The waste characterization shows that Polythene bags/polystyrene food packs constitute the highest waste of 141.09 kg/day collected during the study period. This is followed by food waste with 130.37 kg/day. Plastic food pack/plastic bottles, metal cans, paper/cardboard and others has 64.64 kg/day, 59.39 kg/day, 53.51 kg/day and 29.15 kg/day respectively. The non-biodegradable wastes such as polythene bags/polystyrene food pack, plastic food pack/plastic bottles and metal cans constitute about 56 % (257 Kg/day) of the total waste collected during the study period. It is recommended that Nasarawa state waste management scheme should include the adoption of 3R’s methods scheme for reducing the biodegradable waste components and also employed for reducing the non-biodegradable waste components.
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A SMALL SOLAR POWERED AIR BLOWER FOR CHARCOAL FIRED FURNACE
(JOURNAL OF THE NIGERIAN INSTITUTION OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS, 2019-09-30) Muhammad, .A. B.; Nasir, .A.; Ayo, .S. A.; Bori Ige
In Nigeria almost all the local foundry shops rely on the manually operated blowers for supplying air for the combustion of the charcoals to melt metals. This manually operated blower has showed that much man-hour is required during firing as one laborer is dedicated to driving the rotary blower. This is labourous and reduces the rate of productivity of the enterprise. Therefore, it is necessary to find easier ways of supplying the energy required for the combustion so as to increase productivity. A solar powered blower is designed and constructed in this work. The performances of manually operated and solar powered air blowers are compared. Performance results of the manually operated air blower showed that it takes about 67 minutes and 42 minutes to melt 4kg of aluminum and zinc respectively. On the other hand, for the solar-powered air blower, it takes about 30 minutes and 17 minutes to melt 4kg of aluminum and zinc respectively. This indicates that the solar-powered air blower takes a shorter time to melt metals when compared with the manually operated air blower. In addition, the solar powered air blower eliminates the laborious aspect of supplying energy for melting metals and also reduces the times spent in metal melting process.
Design and Construction of a Spring Stiffness Testing Machine
(American Journal of Engineering Research (AJER), 2015) O. A. Olugboji; M. S. Abolarin; J. Y. Jiya; G. M. Alaya; C. K. Ajani
A spring stiffness testing machine was produced which differentiates a good spring from bad one using hydraulic principle and locally sourced materials were used to produce at relative low cost and high efficiency. It also categories each spring by stiffness into one of several distinct categories based on its performance under test. This is to ensure that in the final assembly process, springs with similar performance characteristics are mated to ensure a better ride, more précised handling and improved overall vehicle or equipment performance. The construction of the machine involves basically the fabrication process which includes such operation as cutting, benching, welding, grinding, drilling, machining, casting and screw fastening. Taken into consideration under test, were types of compression springs with varying spring loading and their different displacement recorded at different pressures to compare their stiffness.
Design and Performance Evaluation of a Portable Solar Water Heater
(Journal of Digital Innovations & Contemporary Research in Science, Engineering & Technology, 2022-03-20) Bori Ige; Uwah, E. J.; Bako, .S.; Okegbile, O. J.; Ayo, S. A.
This paper presents design and performance evaluation of a solar water heater (SWH) using thermosyphon principles, thereby eliminating the use of electric water pump and reducing the cost of the entire system. There are many phenomena encouraging the application of solar water heating technology such as; electric power outage, high fuel price, rapid urbanization, low cost of installations, and governmental intervention. Therefore, there is need to encourage innovation in the field of solar technology. The design of this system was done using relevant equations to obtain the required dimensions of the various components of the system. The materials were selected based on design calculations, machining, availability and material cost. During the testing process, the first three days of testing the highest outlet temperature recorded was 650C. For the last three days of testing during the dry season, the highest outlet temperature recorded was 79.3 0C. The results showed that the system performs better during the dry season when the irradiance levels are higher. The highest irradiance recorded was 940 W/m2 on the sixth day of testing. The highest efficiency recorded from the system was 68.19% on the fourth day of testing. It is hereby recommended that, sensor and a flow meter should be installed for determining water level and for easy identification of flow rate.
Development and Testing of a Heat Dissipation System Using Fins for a Motorcycle Exhaust Pipe
(Nigerian Journal of Engineering Science Research (NIJESR), 2022-12-30) Okegbile, .O. J.; Oboakporhorho, .J. J.; Bori Ige; Babawuya, .A.; Bako, .S.; Musa, .N. A.
The paper developed and investigate the use of fins as heat exchanger in dissipation of heat that arise from motorcycle exhaust pipe which can result in variety of degree of burns, affecting both users and passengers when in accidental contact with it. In this research work, copper pipe and aluminum fins were used because the heat transfer rate needs to be improved. The fabrication of the fins array was carried out with the use of 1mm aluminum material and 4mm copper pipe the base plate, the fins array are very potable and may be unfastened used on other exhaust pipes, since the fins are assembled with bolts and nuts. The analysis shows that the rate of heat transfer from the exhaust pipe (without fins) is1078W, while the heat transfer from the fins array was 2692.3W; which shows an increase in exhaust pipe heat transfer by factor of 2.5. Therefore, the risk of contacting serious burn when in accidental contact with the exhaust pipe has been reduced. It is hereby recommended that, the Semi rectangular fins profile can also be used for further research work because they are also effective, and the Copper fin may be considered for further work due to excellent thermal conductivity of the material.
Development of a Solar Water Distiller and Laboratory Analysis of the Product
(ABUAD Journal of Engineering Research and Development (AJERD), 2018) H. Adamu; O. A. Olugboji; O. Adedipe; J. Y. Jiya
In spite of the significance and availability of water, only an approximate value of about 1% is portable. Distillation processes which comprise evaporation and condensation in a box like machine called Solar Water Distiller was adopted for distilling unsafe to safe drinkable water in our homes. The design method adopted for the machine was energy method/balancing equation. The developed machine is a single stage distiller which is fabricated using local available materials. The heat energy required for powering the solar water distiller was 337.2 W/m2. This was the quantity of energy per unit time and area required for distilling the water based on average room temperature of 28.6 oC. The machine has capacity of average daily capacity of 28 litres as distillate water volume within 6.68 hours. It has design capacity of producing 4.2 litres per hour at minimum wind speed of 5.75m/s. The results show that produced machine has 75% efficiency with quality drinkable water that satisfied condition of Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality NSDWQ (2007) rating.
Development Of an Automated Dual Powered Kiln for Drying and Preservation of Fish
(Iconic Research and Engineering (IRE) Journals, 2024-04-20) Ogundana, O.S.; Adejumo, B.A.; Orhevba, B. A.; Bori Ige
Fish smoking is a major activity in the fish industry. In most river-reining communities in Nigeria, where fish business is very prominent smoking operations are mostly carried out manually and under unhygienic conditions. The concept of the smoking kiln development is to ease the drudgery associated with traditional methods in the fish processing communities. The materials for the developed automated dual powered kiln for fish smoke-drying are locally and cheaply sourced. The developed automated dual powered kiln was made from angle iron and lagged with (composite materials) insulator to prevent heat loss, the smoking chamber consists of 3 set of trays of 0.57 x 0.57 x 0.021 m. It was a dual powered kiln of gas and electric heat sources (DC), its heating elements (heaters) are connected with the aid of wire gauze made from stainless steel placed in a compartment in the heating chamber. The developed automated dual powered kiln was tested with Cat Fish (Clarias Gariepinus) using gas and electric heat sources. Test results indicated an average operational temperature of 80⁰C and moisture loss of 50% on the smoked fishes. The kiln gave higher drying rate and quality of finished product was good in colour and dryness, indicating a long shelf life.
Effect of Process Parameters on Surface Roughness and Kerf Width of Mild Steel during Plasma Arc Cutting Using Response Surface Methodology
(Faculty of Engineering, Federal University Oye-Ekiti, 2020-03-19) Agbonoga, E.A.; Adedipe, O.; Okoro, U.G.; Usman,. F.J.; Obanimomo, K.T.; Lawal,. S.A.
This study investigated the effects of process parameters of plasma arc cutting (PAC) of low carbon steel material using analysis of variance. Three process parameters, cutting speed, cutting current and gas pressure were considered and experiments were conducted based on response surface methodology (RSM) via the box-Behnken approach. Process responses viz. surface roughness (Ra) and kerf width of cut surface were measured for each experimental run. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was performed to get the contribution of process parameters on responses. Cutting current has the most significant effect of 33.43% on the surface roughness and gas pressure has the most significant effect on kerf width of 41.99%. For minimum surface roughness and minimum kerf width, process parameters were optimized using the RSM
Effects of Generating Plant Noise on Humans and Environment
(International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT), 2016-05-26) Babawuya, .A.; Bori Ige; Bako, .M. D.; Yusuf, .S. A.; Jibrin, .A.; Elkanah, .A. J.; Mohammed, .A.
Noise measurements were taken in the morning, afternoon, evening, and night to determine the extent of noise pollution all over the city. A calibrated sound level meter was used to measure the generating plant noise. The equivalent sound levels (Leq) were measured at 20 different locations, between 8 a.m and 10 p.m. High noise levels were observed throughout the town. The data obtained was analysed and the results then compared with world health organization standard. The noise equivalent level varied between 99.4 and 83.2 dBA. The results of the study established the fact that generator noise levels are more than the acceptable limit of 60 dBA, thatis the daytime government prescribed noise limit for residential and commercial areas. The reaction of the residents to generating plant noise was monitored with a total of 300 questionnaires. The results of the interview questionnaire revealed 97% of the people classified the noise in their street as very high while 3% says it is low. And also the respondents answered that noise bother them more in day and night while 11% of the respondents say it is only in the night only. The main outcomes of exposure to generating plant noise were loss of sleep, hearing loss, annoyance and disturbance.
ENERGY UTILIZATION, CONSERVATION AND AUDITING IN NIGERIA CEMENT INDUSTRY
(Journal of Science, Technology, Mathematics and Education (JOSTMED), FUT Minna, 2016-03-15) Nasir, .A.; Bori Ige; Enitilo, .T.; Azeez, .O. S.; Muhammed, .A.
Manufacturing of cement is identified as one of the most energy intensive industries in the world. Therefore, there is a need for its effective and efficient utilization and hence conservation. In order to produce clinker, rotary kilns are widely used in cement plants. This study takes a look at the energy source, utilization and conservation in a Cement Company in Nigeria. The company’s energy source was determined, utilization pattern investigated and possible areas of energy conservation considered. The rotary kiln of this plant where the large form of energy is consumed has a capacity of 6000 tonnes per day. It was found that about 20% of the total input energy was being lost through hot flue gas (5.09%), cooler stack (12.4%) and kiln shell (2.61% convection and radiation). To recover some of this heat energy loses, a feasible energy management method was introduced and discussed. Findings showed that approximately 4MW of electrical power could be recovered through conservation and proper energy management.
Enhancing the Cavitation Erosion Resistance of 304 Stainless Steel by Laser Surface Alloying with Molybdenum
(Nigeria Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NJEAS), FUT Minna, 2017-08-24) Bori Ige; Muriana, .R. A.; Man, .H. C.; Okegbile, .O. J.; Ayo, .S. A.; Babawuya, .A.
Type 304 stainless steel is the most versatile and widely used austenitic stainless steel, it accounts for more than 50% of all stainless steel produced. It is commonly used in liquidhandling equipment, house hold utensils and lot of applications in almost every industry. However, poor surface properties in terms of wear resistance, due to its low hardness made it susceptible to cavitation erosion, which is a usual mode of degradation of engineering parts in contact with fast-flowing or vibrating liquids. This work is an attempt to improve the cavitation erosion resistance of 304 stainless steel by laser surface alloying with Molybdenum (Mo). This was made possible by using a 2kW continuous wave Nd-YAG laser. The alloying powder was placed in advance on the surface of the substrate by pasting to a thickness of 0.1mm, followed by laser beam scanning at an optimal speed of 20 mm/s and 30 mm/s (each at a beam diameter of 3mm) and a laser power of 1.2kW, in order to achieve surface alloying and modified surfaces were obtained by 50% overlapping of adjacent tracks. The microstructure and composition of modified layer were also studied for more insights. Ultrasonic induced vibrator tester was used to carry out cavitation erosion test. Cavitation erosion resistance (Re) was observed to have increased with the Mo content in the alloyed layer, the Re of the specimens modified with Mo was improved by a factor of 1.4 (for v = 20 mm/s) and 1.5 (for v = 30 mm/s), when compared with that of the as-received 304 stainless steel substrates.
EVALUATION OF RICE HUSK-GROUNDNUT SHELL BIOBRIQUETTE AS AN ALTERNATIVE FUEL FOR DOMESTIC COOKING IN NIGERIA
(Journal of Inventive Engineering and Technology (JIET), 2022-02-26) Bori Ige; Muhammad, .A. B.; Maina, .M. B.; Iyodo, .H. M.
This research work involves the evaluation of biomass briquettes produced from the blends of rice husk and groundnut shell as feed stocks and gum Arabic as a binder. Five briquettes of different compositions of groundnut shell/rice husk where produced and evaluated in this research. The moisture content, ash content, volatile matter, fixed carbon, compressive strength, afterglow time, flame propagation time, heating value and water boiling test were investigated to determine the physic-thermal properties of the briquettes produced. The results of the investigation showed that moisture content of the briquettes ranged from 3.96 – 5.63%, the heating value ranges from 130, 62.2 – 141, 62.56 kJ/kg, the compressive strength also ranges from 5.63-10.2 kN/m2, the range of ash content is 6.10 - 9.32 %, for fixed carbon is 7.67 - 20.2 %, the after afterglow time ranges from 238-271 sec and the range for water boiling test time is 10m, 34s – 13m, .22s. These values satisfactorily compares well with values obtained by other researchers in the literature. Therefore, the groundnut shell-rice husk briquettes are good alternative source of thermal energy for cooking. It is an economical and also an environmental friendly source of energy and waste disposal.
EVENT RECONSTRUCTION BY INVERSE METHODS
(2014) O. A. Olugboji; J. Y. Jiya
This work deals with an inversion technique that was developed to reconstruct a pulse after it has propagated along a pipe; a complex pulse that is progressively distorted as explained. The technique developed makes use of the theory of inverse problems
Heat Transfer Analysis of a Concentrated-Type Solar Dryer for Ginger
(2024-12-30) Bori Ige; Jiya .J.Y.; Orah .A.M.; Bako .S.; Oyebamiji .M.O.
In recent years, global concern about the preservation of agricultural products for usage and exports through drying has been outstanding. Solar Parabolic Trough Collectors (SPTC) are used to dry various agricultural products for effective moisture removal. A heat transfer fluid (HTF) flows through a receiver tube pipe that absorbs solar radiation reflected from the stainless-steel sheet surfaces of the SPTC. In order to reduce the heat losses, the pipe was linked through a flexible, thermally insulated cross-linked polyethene pipe to the copper tubes inside the drying chamber. The heat transfer analysis of the SPTC is essential to understand the thermal behavior and its performance during the drying process. This paper examined the heat exchanges developed in the designed concentrated-type solar dryer, and the heat transfer rates in the receiver tube and the drying chamber, as well as the heat transfer coefficients for the solar drying of ginger, were determined. The thermal analysis of the convective heat exchanges within the receiver tube and the drying chamber is presented. The heat transfer coefficients hRec and hDC for the convective heat transfer process in the receiver tube and the drying chamber were 1372.48W/m.K and 17.60W/m.K, respectively. The dryer’s thermal efficiency was 30%, showing considerable moisture removal from the ginger samples. The mean temperature difference between the drying chamber and the ambient showed a considerable increase of about +11oC. This resulted in considerable moisture removal, and the final moisture content achieved by the concentrated solar dryer for the ginger samples was 11.1%, compared to the 23.74% achieved by the open-air solar (OAS) drying method.
HEAT TRANSFER IN COOLED AERO-DERIVATIVE TURBINE BLADE: A NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
(Journal of NIMechE, 2019-03-15) Orah, A. .M.; Nasir, .A.; Hassan, .A. B.; Bori Ige
Aero-derivative gas turbines have found extensive applications as mechanical drives and in medium-sized utility power plants. It has a higher efficiency due to its high pressure and temperature operations; hence, the need for proper cooling techniques to achieve the required creep life and attain reliability. In this paper, the heat transfer in a cooled aero-derivative gas turbine blade is determined numerically using the Alternating Direction Implicit (ADI) scheme of Computational Fluid Dynamics. The convective heat transfer coefficient of the governing Newton’s law of cooling equation is the basis. A solver was developed for the heat transfer problem based on the selected boundary conditions and designed cooling parameters of the GE PGT25+ aero-derivative gas turbine to obtain the temperature distribution within a cooled blade for 30 minutes in-service operation. There is no significant change in the temperature profiles across the nodal points, varying between 90oC – 600oC. The temperatures within the blade are significantly constant throughout the operating time of the turbine blade, inferring that there was effective heat transfer from the blades to the cooling air since the temperature variation did not exceed the melting point of the blade material. The ADI strategy is, therefore, suitable for heat transfer design computations for complex systems like the gas turbine engine.