Geology
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Item Geology of Basement Complex rocks in Kabo area, Kano, Northwestern Nigeria: Insights into the Trends of Mineralization in the Region(INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENCE FOR GLOBAL SUSTAINABILITY, 2025-03) Lawal, M.; Mohammed, M. A.; Alalade, K. A.; Hamidu, H.; Shuaibu, A. M.; Yelwa, N. A.; Omanayin, Y. A.; Adeniyi, F. S.Nigeria is situated in a mobile zone separating older cratons of West Africa and Gabon, and underlain by nearly equal proportions of sedimentary and crystalline rocks. The crystalline basement rocks comprises three lithological groups (the Basement Complex, the Younger Granites and the Tertiary-Recent Volcanics) that were affected by Pan African (~550 Ma) thermo-tectonic events. The Basement Complex (Precambrian) encompasses gneisses- and migmatite-complex with schist belts, granites and minor charnokites and syenites with complex history and geochronology. In Kano (Kabo NE, Sheet 80 of Nigerian Geological Survey Agency maps) NW Nigeria, outcrops of these late Precambrian – lower Paleozeoic crystalline rocks are being mined of economic minerals. However, only a few studies exist on the geology of Kabo region. Therefore, this study describes the geology (lithology, composition, associated structures and field relationship) of rocks that characterize Kabo region, Kano and discuss trends of associated mineralization using field mapping and thin section petrography. Our data also includes high-resolution photographs of evidential geology of the area, parts of which are now defaced due to intense mining activities. Results showed that Kabo area is underlain by three rock groups: a migmatite-gneiss complex, an infolded schist belt (Younger Metasediments) and the Older Granites (porphyritic biotite granites, porphyroblastic biotite-rich gneiss and fine-medium grained granites). The porphyroblastic biotite-rich gneisses of the Older Granite division trend mainly in NE-SW and cut through the migmatite-gneiss complex; they exhibit preferred mineral alignment, suggesting that they are probably granitization products of the migmatite-gneisses, later metamorphosed and deformed. The granitized bodies are enriched in tourmaline that occur both in the NE-SW porphyroblastic rocks and the schist belt. The study thus serves as guide for investment decisions on solid mineral exploration in the area, and as a handbook for students of geology and tourists who now find Kano as a relatively safe geoheritage site. Keywords: Basement Complex, Northern Nigeria, KanoItem Field and Petrographic Studies of Basement Complex Rocks in Saigbe and Environs, North-Central, Nigeria(Nigerian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences (NJBAS), 2023-06) Omanayin, Y. A.; Lawal, M.; Bolaji, I. B.; Muhammad, A.Geological mapping and petrographic studies of rocks provide useful information on texture and mineralogical composition of rocks which can be used in the exploration and exploitation of any associated mineralization. However, few regional studies have been conducted in Minna and environs. Here, preliminary field mapping and petrography of out crops in Saigbe environ were conducted to determine their identification, structural and mineralogical composition. Twenty-one rock samples were collected, eight of which were used for thin section analysis. Joint directions were measured and plotted on rose diagram. Results show that Saigbe is underlain by schist, amphibolite and granite with minor pegmatite intrusions. Joints, faults, fold and foliations constitute main structures. Joints in the schists trend NE-SW, while those in the granites trend NW-SE, suggesting different episodes of emplacement for both rocks. Petrography revealed that the schists comprised quartz, biotite, muscovite, plagioclase and opaque mineral, while the amphibolites are composed largely of quartz, hornblende, plagioclase feldspar and opaque minerals. The granites are composed of quartz, microcline, plagioclase feldspar, muscovite and opaque minerals. The pegmatite dykes in the granites comprised quartz, plagioclase feldspar, orthoclase feldspar, muscovite and gemstones, hence interpreted as product of residual melt. The pegmatites make interesting target for mineral exploration. Keywords: Older Granite, Basement Complex, Petrography, Pegmatites, Northern NigeriaItem Characterization of Pegmatites in Ogodo-Odobola Area of Idah Sheet 267NW, Central Nigeria(INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENCE FOR GLOBAL SUSTAINABILITY, 2023-07) Omanayin, Y. A.; Waziri, N. M.; Onoduku, U. S.; Alabi, A. A.The pegmatites of Ogodo-Odobola area around Ajaokuta, Central Nigeria belong to the pegmatite belt of Central Nigeria. A detailed geological mapping of the pegmatites and host rocks was conducted with the aim of understanding their mode of occurrence and field relationship and to assess their mineralization potentials. Twelve (12) representative samples of rocks were selected for petrographic analysis. The results show that the area is underlain by migmatite-gneiss, schist, with intrusions of granite and pegmatite. The pegmatites occur in tabular form with varying widths (2 centimetres – 6 metres) and lengths (12 – 200 metres). Principal joint direction is NNE-SSW which is believed to have influenced the pegmatite emplacement. Petrography of the representative rock samples revealed an average mineralogical composition of biotite (23.90%), microcline (22.15%), hornblende (15.05%), quartz (10.65%), plagioclase (10.35%), muscovite (8.00%), myrmekite (0.20%), and opaque and accessory minerals (9.70%). The pegmatites were found to be dominated by microcline and plagioclase feldspars, and then muscovite, biotite, and accessory and opaque minerals. The pegmatite of the Ogodo-Odobola area is worth probing as the results have shown prospect for possible economic minerals. Keywords: Mineralization, Basement Complex, Structural Features, Petrography, AjaokutaItem Physico-Chemical and Mineralogical Characteristics of Obajana Marble Deposit, Central Nigeria: Implication for Economic Appraisal(Nigeria Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NJEAS), 2018) Alkali, Y. B.; Lawal, O. H.; Omanayin, Y. A.Marble is one of such minerals occurring in Obajana area that can be exploited for various uses other than cement production that the area is well known for. Hence, the continuous investigation into its economic viability can never be over emphasized. The physical, geochemical and mineralogical attributes of Obajana marble was investigated for the purpose of its economic potential. Obajana marble is closely associated with meta-sedimentary and granitoid rock assemblages of the Precambrian Lokoja - Jakura Schist Belt of central Nigeria. Thirty (30) representative samples were collected from the bench crest and bench trough from the 3 pits investigated based on variation of colour, texture and structure during field investigations .Physical properties were determined for while optical microscope and X-ray fluorescence techniques were used to discern mineralogical and chemical composition of the samples. The colour ranges from whitish to dark colour minerals, with traces of brownish colour and are very attractive based on physical look. Physical parameters for the marble indicated varied compressive strength (13.84 – 93.60 MPa), hardness (3.05), specific gravity (2.72), colour brightness (83) and pH (8.3). Chemical data showed pit 1, CaO (50.30 - 53.99%); MgO (0.00 -0.38 %); pit 2, CaO (48.31 - 51.87 %); MgO, (0.41 - 1.63%) and pit 3, CaO (49.39 - 52.93%); MgO (0.06 - 1.19 %) and in general reveal calcitic marble by virtue of the CaO : MgO ratios of the marble bodies. Also, mineralogy reveals that samples are composed mainly of calcite, with minor amounts of dolomite, quartz, magnesium oxide and iron. Appraisals of the functional potential of the marble based on physical, geochemical and mineralogical characteristics indicate that Obajana marble is suitable for cement feedstock, iron and steel fluxes, fillers in paints and paper making and as extenders in the manufacture of glass as well as useful in water treatment.Item Litho-Geochemistry, Petrogenesis and Mineralisation Potential of Amphibolite-Schists Around Gadaeregi Area, North-Central Nigeria(Journal of Environment and Earth Science, 2017) Olose, M. A.; Abdulkadir, H.; Chaanda, M. S.; Alaku, I. O.; Omanayin, Y. A.; Iyah, R. O.Abstract This study investigated the geochemical compositions of Amphibolite-schists around Gadaeregi area of North Central Nigeria to establish the petrogenetic evolution, geotectonic setting and associated potential mineralization. It was carried out across an area of 134.4km2 within Bida sheet 184 NE on a scale of 1: 25, 000. The area is bounded by latitudes 9o 22ꞌ 00ꞌꞌN - 9o 28ꞌ 00ꞌꞌN and longitudes 6o 17ꞌ 00ꞌꞌE - 6o 24ꞌ 00ꞌꞌE. Systematic field investigation was carried out which revealed that the area is underlain majorly by migmatite-gneiss, amphibolite schist and granite. Ten (10) samples of amphibolite-schist were subjected to geochemical analysis with reference to major oxide and trace elements using X-ray fluorescence (XRF). Plotting the geochemical results on typical discrimination diagrams revealed that the amphibolite-schists are of calc-alkaline and tholeiitic affinity. It shows a sedimentary origin, basaltic/andesitic progenitor and mixed (continental and oceanic) tectonic setting. Furthermore, the mineralization potential of the area was noted by comparing the result of trace elements in this study with their respective established crustal abundances, hence, Pb, Ag, Bi, Hg, Re, Pd, Ru and Au showed considerable anomalous concentrations in all/or some of the samples, though Au showed highest anomalies. This agrees with the fact that potential mineralization of Au is generally high within the schist belts of Nigeria. It is highly recommended that high resolution sampling at a larger scale be made to delineate the points with high prospects. Keywords: Gadaeregi, Amphibolite-Schist, GeochemistryItem Exploration of Groundwater within the Mariam Babangida Girls Science Secondary School Minna, NorthCentral Nigeria Using Schlumberger Vertical Electrical Sounding Techniques(Journal of Science, Technology, Mathematics and Education (JOSTMED), 2012-08) Momoh, O. L.; Amadi, A. N.; Abdulfatai, I. A.; Omanayin, Y. A.; Onoduku, U. S.; Onah, M.A Geoelectrical investigation adopting Schlumberger vertical electrical sounding (VES) have been carried out to explore for groundwater within the premises of Mariam Babangida Girls Science Secondary School, Bosso, Minna, Niger State. This is with a view of to resolve the problem of acute water shortages experienced by the staff and students of the institution. The area lies within the basement rock complex of North Central Nigeria with biotite granite and muscovite granite constituting the main lithological units. The survey was carried out using ABEM SAS 300C Terrameter along five (5) established traverses with 40 m maximum electrode separation. The VES data were analyzed and interpreted through curve matching and the use of Resist software to obtain the geoelectric parameters. These were used in constructing the 1D geoelectric sections and the isopach map. The geoelectric sections revealed the presence of four geo-electric layers namely the top soil, the weathered layer, the partly weathered/fractured bedrock and the resistive bedrock. The contoured depth to bedrock contour map reveals a significant linear feature delineated by the VES as fractures beneath T2V7, T2V8 and T3V9 and is filled with clayey substratum except T3V9 that are characterized by clayey sand materials. T3V9 is therefore recommended for drilling and groundwater development to a depth of about 30 m. however, the groundwater potential of the study area is generally low.Item Bacteriological and Physico-chemical Analysis of Well Water from Villages in Edati, Niger State, North-central Nigeria(International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, 2014-03) Amadi, A. N.; Ameh, I. M; Ezeagu, G. G.; Angwa, E. M.; Omanayin, Y. A.The physico-chemical and bacteriological properties of water from hand-dug wells from villages in Edati communities was evaluated in this study. The water samples were analyzed in accordance with the standard procedures for water analysis. The results of the physico-chemical and bacteriological analysis revealed that all the parameters were below the maximum permissible limit for a safe drinking water recommended by Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality except iron, manganese, E.coli and total coliform whose concentration in some locations were higher than the acceptable limit. The high iron and bacterial coliform may be attributed to the shallow well depth, distance to pit latrine/soakaway, improper well construction, inadequate of well lining and land use system in the area. The results obtained indicates that the groundwater quality of Edati fall between the maximum permissible limit of NSDWQ. It is therefore recommended that provision of hand dug wells and boreholes in this area should not be in proximity with the pit-latrines, septic and dump sites. Keywords:- Quality analysis, Well-water, Edati community, Niger State, NigeriaItem Integrated Geological and Geotechnical Properties of Subsoil for Shallow Foundation Design for M. I. Wushishi Housing Estate, Minna, Niger State, North-Central Nigeria(Centre for Human Settlements and Urban Development Journal (CHSUDJ), Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria, 2013-12) Omanayin, Y. A.; Abdullahi, I. N.; Amadi, A. N.; Momoh, O. L.; Abdulfatai, I. A.A study of the geological and geotechnical properties of subsoil for shallow foundation design was carried out in the proposed site for the M. I. Wushishi Housing Estate in Minna, Niger State, North-Central Nigeria. The main aim of the research was to ascertain the lithological and structural characteristics of the study area in order to recommend the suitable shallow foundation design for the proposed building construction. The general geological mapping of the area revealed that the area is underlain by three lithologic units: Granite, Gneiss and Schist of Nigerian Basement Complex while the study area is predominantly underlain by Schist rock belonging to the Kushaka Formation. The principal joint direction in the area from rosette diagram is NW-SE. The area is generally low-lying and accessible through Eastern Bye-pass and Maitumbi road. The soil is heterogeneous when correlated laterally from trial pits. Both disturbed and undisturbed soil samples were collected and subjected to laboratory and sieve analysis. The liquid limit ranged from 12.00-37.00 with a mean value of 23.85 while the plastic limit varied from 7.27-30.73 with an average value of 17.17. The plasticity index varies from 1.79 to 15.13 with a mean value of 6.66 while the shrinkage potential ranged from low to medium. The maximum dry density ranged between 1.66-1.95 mg/m3 with the mean value of 1.81 mg/m3 while the optimum moisture content ranged from 8.70-21.37 with an average value of 15.16. The natural moisture content is in the order of 11.52-29.86 % with a mean value of 21.08 %. The particle size distribution curve shows that the area is sand dominated. Based on the field and laboratory results, shallow foundation (pad/strip) can be adopted for lightly loaded structures not exceeding an allowable bearing capacity of 150KN/m2 while deep/pile foundation are advocated for heavily loaded structures. Keywords: Foundation Design, Geological, Geotechnical, M. I. Wushishi Housing Estate, Minna, North-Central Nigeria