Chemistry
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Item Assessment of the Conversion of Luffa cylindrical Seed Oil into Biodiesel using CaO/Metakaolin as Heterogenous Catalyst(IBBUL, 2021) Bisiriyu, M. T.; Salau, R. B.; Abdulkarim, A. M.; Likita, S.; Abdullahi, Z.; Paiko, Y. B.The efficiency of calcium oxide supported metakaolin catalyst in the transesterification of Luffa cylindrical seed oil into biodiesel was studied using standard analytical techniques. Some physicochemical properties of the seed oil were determined and the fuel quality parameters of its fatty acid methyl ester (Biodiesel) were investigated. The results obtained were: colour (reddish-brown), yield (39.23 %), specific gravity (0.90 g/cm3), kinematic viscosity (17.23 mm2/s), pH (4.72), refractive index (1.466), acid value (22.58 mgKOH/g), free fatty acid (11.29 mgKOH/g), saponification value (115.005 mgKOH/g), iodine value (39.300 mgI2/100 g) while the biodiesel properties were: colour (reddishbrown), biodiesel yield (92.29 %), API gravity (22o), refractive index (1.470), specific gravity (0.880g/cm3), kinematic viscosity (5.62 mm2/s), acid value (4.21 mgKOH/g), cloud point (7 oC), pour point (4 oC) and flash point (170 oC). The values obtained indicates that the oil may not be suitable for edible purposes due to high acid value but may be employed industrially in the manufacturing of products such as liquid soaps, paints, shampoos and biodiesel. CaO/Kaolin catalyst was found to be effective in the transesterification of the seed oil and the fatty acid methyl ester (FAMEs) produced was also found to meet most of the standards for biodiesel set by ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) and EN (European Norm).Item Assessment of Water Quality of Bosso Water-Board using Weighted Arithmetic Index Method(36th AGM and 16th International Annual Conference of the Nigerian Institution of Agricultural Engineers (NIAE, GOBARAU, 2015), Katsina State, 2015-10-15) Animashaun, I. M.; Otache, M. Y.; Ojodu, A. B.,; Kuti, I. A.; Bisiriyu, M. T.; Garuba, A. OInformation on a method that can be used to ascertain status of potable water consumed by the public is very important. Water from Bosso Water-board was assessed at the Water Board and at the consumer end using Weighted Arithmetic Index Method. Water samples collected were analyzed for twelve parameters (pH, Electrical conductivity, Chloride, Total dissolve solids, Iron, Alkalinity, Nitrite, Nitrate, Zinc, Phosphate and E.coli). The results of the analysis were used in computing Water Quality Index. The index for Water-board, Location A, B, and C were 5.96, 119.13, 60.71 and 57.66, respectively. These results showed that water sample from Bosso Water-board is fit for drinking, but samples from the consumer end were unfit. The implication is that pipe borne water supply from the Boards can pose a threat to the health of the public when consumed.Item COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF FRESH AND USED POWER TRANSFORMER OILS(2021) Abdulkarim A. M.; Umar, M. T.; Muhammad, M. A.; Bisiriyu, M. T.; Muhammad, H. I.; Agwuncha, S. C.; Kasim, N. A.Uninterrupted electricity supply is a vital issue for Nigeria today. This is because the reliability for power transformer to generate electricity to be used for industrial activities, electric utility companies and our homes has become far more important to our present generation for financial reasons. This work presents experimental research on the variations of the physicochemical properties and composition of two transformer oils of different levels of degradation. The first one is a virgin/fresh new oil while the second was collected from an operating transformer after being used for five (5) years (used transformer oil). The physicochemical characteristics of both samples were studied using American Society for Testing Material (ASTM) standard test, and were found to be within the specified range by ASTM standard. Results for physicochemical characterization of both samples A and B gives acid value of 0.045 ± 0.089 & 0.12 ±0.07 (mg KOH-1), density of 0.75 ±0.01 & 0.99 ± 0.01 (g cm–1), and Flash Point of 143 and 152 (oC) values respectively. However, the used oil sample presents physicochemical properties of narrow value to standard specifications which indicated its high level of degradation in contrast to the fresh oil sample. The FTIR results of the two samples were compared and it revealed that they have similar compounds of paraffins, naphthene and aromatics present in them. Although the used oil indicated the presence of phenols, which is indicative of oxidation process occurring in the oil.Item CHARACTERIZATION OF VIRGIN ASPHALTENES AND ITS SUBFRACTIONS USING UV-VISIBLE AND FTIR SPECTROSCOPY(School of Physical Sciences, 2017-05-05) Bisiriyu, M. T.; Idris, S.; Garba, H. A.; Yelwa, A. S.; Muhammad, A. B.; Faruq, U. Z.Spectroscopic characterization of asphaltene is necessary in order to understand the changes it undergoes when heavy and extra-heavy oil types such as bitumen are subjected to catalytic aquathermolysis. The structural composition of asphaltene and its subfractions were investigated using UV/Visible and FTIR Spectroscopy. Raw bitumen sample was obtained from the bitumen deposit at Mile 2 in Odigbo, Ondo State, Nigeria. The sample was purified and the asphaltene fraction was precipitated with n-hexane, the precipitated asphaltene was fractionated into fractions A and B based on their difference in solubility and polarity with hexane/toluene mixture at a fixed ratio. The results showed that virgin asphaltene and its subfractions absorbed light of longer wavelength in the range (465 640 nm), indicating that they are made up of polynuclear aromatic compounds. The results also revealed the presence of alkyl side chains and major oxygenated groups in both virgin asphaltene and its subfractions (A and B). In general, asphaltene are complex molecular compound which consists of aromatic moieties with alkyl side chains, polar groups (esther, ether and carbonyl), acidic and basic groups (carboxylic and pyridine) which can interact at certain pH range by accepting or donating protonsItem Production of biodiesel from Balanite aegyptiaca seed oil using chemical-activated catalyst produced from coconut shell(Nigerian Research Journal of Chemical Sciences, 2024) Alheri, A.; Ago, M. A; Jamila, U. A.; Anyanwu, S. K.,; Bisiriyu, M. T.; Aisha, K. UHeterogeneous catalyst produced from coconut waste shell (CWS) via chemical activation was utilized for biodiesel production from Balanite aegyptiaca seed oil. The effects of impregnation ratios (2 – 10 g/cm3), activation temperatures (500 – 900 oC) and time (1 – 3 h) on the yield of catalyst were investigated. The chemical-activated catalyst produced from coconut shell was characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The biodiesel was further characterized using GC-MS. The heterogeneous catalyst produced by chemical activation under the following optimum conditions: activation temperature (800 oC), impregnation ratio (3:6g/cm3), and reaction time (1 h) was of high yield. SEM images showed a highly porous characteristic, with lots of cavities and strands on the surface. The optimum conditions to achieve maximum yield of the biodiesel (82.9%) were reaction temperature (40 oC), methanol/oil molar ratios (9:1 cm3), catalyst concentration (1.0 g/cm3) and reaction time (60 min). The fuel properties of biodiesel produced by chemical activation catalyst were: kinematic viscosity (5.70 mm2/s), specific gravity (0.86), pour point (9 oC), flash point (185 oC), cloud point (9 oC), colour 1.0 and cetane number 62. The GC-MS analysis demonstrated the presence of decanoic acid methyl ester, hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester, 4-hexenoic acid methyl ester and pentadecanoic acid methyl ester. The study showed that chemically produced heterogeneous catalyst from coconut waste shell can be used for the production of biodiesel.Item Assessment of Foliose Epiphytic Lichen (Parmelia sulcata) as Bioindicators of Atmospheric Trace Metals Pollution in Lapai Metropolis, Niger State(Science View Journal, 2024-01) Ibrahim, M.; Tsafe, A. I.; Gungshik, J. R.; Abdulkarim, A. M.; Zhikpe, Y. B.; Bisiriyu, M. T.The levels of atmospheric trace metals were determined using foliose epiphytic lichens (Parmelia sulcata) samples collected in eight (8) different locations within the residential areas and two control locations outside the residential area of Lapai town in Lapai local government of Niger State. A stratified random sampling technique was adopted and the analysis of the samples with atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) gives the concentration (mg/kg) range of the metals as follows; 1.123-7.837 for Fe, 4.579-6.62 for Pb, 0.210-2.152 for Cr, 0.491-1.171 g for Ni, 0.018-0.983 for Cd, 0.057-1.471 g Zn, 0.198-1.287 for Mn, and 0.098-2.583 for Cu but Selenium was not detected in all the samples. The levels of some of these metals were slightly higher than the recommended USEPA (1993) limits but lower than FEPA (1991) limits. However, the distribution of these metals was not uniform across the samples, though their level was still at the background and very low compared to the reports on similar studies from industrialized areas of South-south and South-west Nigeria and other European countries. The variation in concentration of these metals at p≤0.05 indicates their source is mainly anthropogenic in origin. Epiphytic lichens validate the cost-effectiveness of this method for evaluating, assessing, and identifying depositional sources of the metals in the environment. The study revealed the atmospheric trace metal concentration of the area under study to be at a threshold level and hence the environment is still very safe from atmospheric trace metal pollution.Item Concentrations of Selected Heavy Metals in Soil in the Vicinities of Two Major Municipal Dumpsites in Minna, Nigeria(J. Chem Soc. Nigeria,, 2019-01-18) Lawal, U. F. Lawal; Jacob, J. O.; Yisa, J.; Bisiriyu, M. T.This study assesses the concentrations of lead, cadmium, nickel, copper and zinc, as well as some physico-chemical properties of surface soils in the vicinity of Gurusu and Kuyi dumpsites in Minna City, Nigeria, using standard analytical methods. The soil is generally sandy with a pH ranging from 5.20 (slightly acidic) to 8.67 (slightly alkaline). Organic matter content of the soil ranged from 1.0 to 12% while the Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) ranged from 12 to 120meq/g. The range of mean concentrations (mg/kg) of heavy metals in the Gurusu dumpsite were: Pb(0.71 - 19.51), Cd(2.22 - 2.80), Ni(23.55 - 45.39), Cu(16.74 - 50.37) and Zn(9.52 - 55.73), while that of Kuyi dumpsite were: Pb(37.35 - 54.29), Cd(4.19 - 4.67), Ni(2.83 -10.52), Cu(25.13 - 40.78) and Zn(1.05 - 22.42). The low clay contents, low organic matter and high Cation Exchange Capacity are capable of enhancing metal mobility. Generally, the concentrations of heavy metals in soil decrease with distance from the dump heap in both dumpsites and are higher in the dumpsites than the control sites. This showed that the dumpsites were major contributors to the heavy metal build-up in their vicinities and that the dumpsites were appreciably contaminated by these metals. The concentrations of the heavy metals Pb and Cd in soil samples of both dumpsites were found to be generally higher than the WHO permissive limit for agricultural soils. This calls for concern as these metals are highly toxic and of no known biochemical importance.Item Investigation of the Phytochemical and Nutritional Potentials of Locally Prepared Aqueous Extract of Sorghum Vulgare’s Stalk(Journal of Science, Technology, Mathematics and Education (JOSTMED), 2015-12) Salau, Rasaq Bolakale; Aminu, Muhammad; Bisiriyu, M. T.; Momoh, B. A.; Bishir, Usman; Ahmed, SalisuSorghum vulgare is a beneficial plant whose stalks are still under-explored. The need to examine its nutritional and medicinal values becomes critical as its stalk decoctions are becoming widespread local drink preparations. Samples of sorghum (guinea corn) were obtained from six selected farmlands in Minna, the North central zone of Nigeria. They were dried, finely ground and kept as both whole and extract samples. Extraction by the decoction method was used. Proximate composition and elemental determinations were carried out on both sample types. Phytochemical screening was also carried out on only aqueous extract, which is the only form in which the local drinks are prepared and consumed. The proximate shows prominent contents of ash, crude fibre, crude fat and carbohydrate values of whole and extract samples value which are (3.00%, 15%), (36.47%, Nil), (16.00%, 11.50%), (32.41%, 73.05%) respectively. Similarly,, the mean load of major essential elements (Ca, Na, K and Mg) in mg/100g of the two forms showed (24.50, 40.30), (23.30, 15.70), (212.20, 142.90) and (14.00, 13.30). The mean load of trace essential elements: Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu gives (52.00, 25.00), (5.10, 5.60), (2.80, 2.70), and (0.70, 0.30), respectively. The aqueous extract showed a prominent presence of alkaloids, cardiac glycoside, tannins and saponins,, while flavonoids were moderately present. The overall studies show that sorghum stalk possibly is not only capable of supplying nutrients but also could be a potential part of medicinal therapeutic formations.