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Item COA-SOWUNMI'S LEMMA AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE STABILITY ANALYSIS OF EQUILIBRIUM STATES OF THE NON-LINEAR AGE-STRUCTURED POPULATION MODEL(International Journal of Mathematics and Physical Sciences Research, 0205-04-10) Akinwande, N. I.; Somma, Samuel AbuAbstract: In this work, we present a result in the form of a lemma which we name COA-Sowunmi’s Lemma, its proof and application to the stability analysis of the transcendental characteristics equation arising from the perturbation of the steady state of the non-linear age-structured population model of Gurtin and MacCamy [11]. Necessary condition for the asymptotic stability of the equilibrium state of the model is obtained in the form of constrained inequality on the vital parameters of the model. The result obtained is then compared with that of an earlier work by the [4].Item Optimization of Operating Parameters in the Extraction of Caustic Potash (KOH) from Palm Kernel Bunch (An Agricultural By-Product) Ash(Journal of Applied Science and Education (JASAE), 2001) Eterigho E. J.Extraction of potassium hydroxide from palm kernel bunch ash was carried out at various temperatures and times. This paper therefore highlights the effect of temperature and time on the yield of potassium hydroxide from palm kernel bunch. It further optimized these parameters called operating parameters to get the best-fitted combination of temperature and time that gives the maximum yield of potassium hydroxide. The various data were used to form an objective function, with yield as dependent variable. The temperatures and times were used as the independent variables. The most suitable equation was selected based on regression analysis and optimized using the one-at-a-time method. The result shows that the optimum yield was 33.78% at 630.76°C and 9 hours 9 minutes for temperature and ashing period respectively.Item Recovery of Zinc and Manganese dioxide from spent Zn-C dry cells(Journal of Science, Technology and Mathematics Education (JOSTMED), 2001-04) Eterigho E. J.; Adediran Y. A.Hydrometallurgical process is used to recover zinc and manganese dioxide (MnO,) from spent zinc-carbon dry cell. The process, which involves electroplating of zinc and oxidation of manganese dioxide, allows for easy separation of the components. The design can produce 10kg/day of MnO, and zinc, made up of 5.38 kg. of MnO, and 4.62 kg. of zinc per day. Other metals, which are recovered in the process, include mercury, nickel and iron. The annual production cost is estimated at about A3,088,775 for a total production rate of 3000kg per year, giving a profit of N1, 651,104.69.Item Some biological activities of Garcinia kola in growing rats(VETERINARSKI ARHIV , Printed in Croatia, 2001-10-23) Uko, Otor John; Usman, Abdulkadir; Ataja, Mohammed AbuThe biological activities of water extract from Garcinia kola (G. kola) were investigated in growing Wistar rats. Three doses of G. kola extract (0, 10, 20 mg G. kola/100g body mass of rat) were administered daily by gavage to the respective groups of 15 rats for a period of 70 days. The animals were offered standard rat diet and water ad libitum. The plant extract had a depressive effect (P<0.01) on appetite and water intake with resultant poor (P<0.05) feed utilization efficiency and mass gain of rats in a dose-dependent manner. Plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities were elevated (P<0.05) but histological examinations of liver, heart and lungs of experimental rats revealed no alterations. Nevertheless, a significant (P<0.05) increase in leucocyte counts was adduced for possible mild degenerative changes in these organs. The extract enhanced sexual interest (libido) of the male rats but did not necessarily improve their fertility rate.Item Formulation of Hydraulic Brake Fluid Using Castor Oil as A Base Stock: Physiochemical Properties of Castor Oil and the hydraulic fluid(Journal of Science, Technology and Mathematics Education (JOSTMED), 2002) Eterigho E. J.; Edoga M. O.Indirect leaching was used to extract castor oil from the castor beans. A hydraulic brake fluid was formulated by mixing the castor oil, solvents and other additives at various proportions using unifactor design approach. Both the castor oil and brake fluid was analysed to determine their physiochemical properties. Results show that the castor oil has high viscosities of 29.29Cst and 19.54Cst at 40oC and 100 oC , respectively, specific gravity of 0.927 at 30oC/30oC, acid and saponification values of 3.5 and 186.0 respectively. On the other hand, the best fitted formulation (Castor oil, solvent and additives) of hydraulic brake fluid has reduced viscosities of 19.54Cst and 2.33 Cst at 40°C and 100°C respectively. The flash and boiling points were found to be 124.25 and 220.05 respectively.Item Canarium Shwelfurthll (Persley) A Source of Vegetable Oil(Journal of Applied Science and Education (JASAE), 2002) Eterigho E. J.Indirect leaching was used to extract oil from Canarium shwelfurthll (commonly called Persley fruit). The leaching was carried out in three stages at different particle sizes and time. From the analysis, particle size 0.250mm gave the highest yield, which are 31.50%, 37.80%, 42.30% and 42.38% at various time for the three stages respectively. The extracted persley oil was characterized. "The saponification value was 191.44, while the acid was 0.622, peroxide 10.42, iodine 86.04 and free fatty acid 1.41 respectively. The specific gravity and refractive index were 0.912 and 1.466 respectively.Item Development and Characterization of Lubricating Oil from Petroleum Base Source (500N)(Journal of Science, Technology and Mathematics Education (JOSTMED), 2003) Kefas H. M.; Edoga M. O.; Kovo A. S.; Eterigho E. J.Lubricating oils were formulated from a petroleum base oil (500N oil) obtained from Nigerian National Petroleum corporation (NNPC) using simplex lattice design. Subsequently, the lubricant samples were characterized according to ASTM methods to define the following physicochemical properties: kinematic viscosity (at 40"C and 100°C), specific gravity, API gravity, viscosity index, flash point, pour point, total base number and appearances. The results showed that the samples were of the motor oil grades of SAE 30, SAE 40 and SAE and 20W50 based on their viscosities. Samples 5 and 6 of SAE20 and W50 grades were the best since they have specifications close to the acceptable standards world wide with viscosity indices of 126 and 124, respectively,Item Spent Zn-C Dry Cells as a Source of Manganese(Nigerian Journal of Engineering and Development (NJERD), 2004) Eterigho E. J.; Adediran Y. A.This paper presents a possible way of enhancing the availability of raw materials for our local battery industry. Spent Zn-C dry cells were collected pre-treated and subjected to various processes like grinding. leaching, and alkalization. The method used is called the hydrometallurgical method, which allows for easy separation of the various components of the spent cell Manganese, dioxide was extracted from the spent dry cells (Zn-C) and hydrogen gas was passed over it to produce manganese metal. From the process, 5.38kg/day of manganese was recovered. This shows about 91% of manganese recovered.Item A Seismic Refraction Study of the Influence of Basement Topography on Existing Run-of Channel at Television Village Campus of Kaduna Polytechnic, Kaduna Nigeria.(2004) ADETONA, Adebayo Abbass, Agelaga A.G.Item Blood biochemistry and haematology of weaner rabbits fed sundried, ensiled, and fermented cassava peel based diets(Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2006) Ahamefule, F. O; Eduok, G. O.; Usman, A; Amaefule, K. U.; Obua, B. E.; Oguike, S. A.Twenty-four New Zealand white × Chinchilla weaner bucks, aged between 7 and 8 weeks and averaging 0.9 kg in weight, were divided into four groups of six each and used in a 12-week feeding trial to evaluate the blood biochemistry and haematology of rabbits fed sun-dried, ensiled, and fermented cassava peel-based diets. The test diets designated A, B, C and D were completely randomised. Diet A, the control, was a 16.18 per cent CP (crude protein) weaner ration formulated from maize, maize offals, soya bean meal, blood meal, oyster shell, bone meal, vitamin premix, and common salt. Diets B, C and D were also weaner rations of, respectively, 16.10, 16.20 and 16.08 per cent CP in which 10 per cent maize of the control diet was replaced, respectively, with sun-dried, ensiled and fermented cassava peels. The diets were roughly iso-caloric. The haematological components of the study included packed cell volume (PCV), white blood cells (WBC), neutrophil (N), and lymphocytes (L). The biochemical parameters were serum creatinine, urea, bilirubin (total and conjugated), serum glutamic transaminase (SGPT), serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), eosinophil, and blood sugar. Liver and kidney weights were also monitored. The results showed that PCV, WBC, N and L were affected (P<0.05) by experimental diets. Also affected (P<0.05) were bilirubin, SGPT and SGOT. However, serum creatinine, urea and eosinophil were unaffected (P>0.05) by treatment diets. Liver and kidney weights also did not differ (P>0.05) among rabbits fed different dietary treatments.Item Problems and Challenges of Synthesis of Zeolite and Zeolite-Like Micro-Porous Materials in Nigeria(The 1st Nigeria Conference on Zeolite at Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria., 2006) Edoga, M. O.; Eterigho, E. J.; Kovo, A. S.; Ali, M. S.In the last few years considerable effort has been made targeted at the synthesis of zeolite and zeolite-like microporous materials with predetermined physicochemical and catalytic properties. However, the position of Nigeria in this global feat cannot be easily defined hence the need for this paper. The problems of zeolite synthesis in Nigeria were highlighted. This is due basically to the non-availability of equipment to conduct detailed analysis of the raw materials and product as well as lack of technical know-how in the area of zeolite synthesis. Also, the absence of common platform for zeolite scientists and technologist for cross fertilization of ideas is another set-back. In this paper, solution was also proffered which if well implemented will launch Nigeria into the amazing world of zeolite and its applications.Item Geoelectrical survey for Groundwater at the Gidan Kwano Campus of the Federal University of Technology minna.(Enviromental Technology and Science Journal (ETSJ),, 2006) 44 Udensi E.E, Unuevho C.I., Jonah S.A., Ofor P.N., Adetona A.A., Salako K.A., GanaC.S.,Nwosu J.E., Mulero E.O., Iwuafor H. O., Akinloye O.A., and Owolabi E.OVertical electrical sounding (VES) was carried out at Union Site Gidan kwano campus, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria. The objective is to delineate area suitable for structural development and soil corrosivity of the study area. Schlumberger electrode configuration was adopted with maximum current electrode spacing (AB/2) of 100 m. The profile separations was 100 m with inter vertical electrical soundings (VES) point spacing of 100 m. Total of sixty (60) vertical electrical soundings (VES) station were covered. The interpretation revealed three distinct geologic layers. These include topsoil with resistivity values range between 11.41 and 1009 ohm-m and thickness is relatively thin and ranges between 1 and 6 m. The weathered/fractured layer has resistivity values also ranges from 11 to 963 ohm-m with thickness ranges from 1 to 45 which indicate high degree of weathered/fracture and/or water saturation, The fresh basement has resistivity values that range between 12 and 2983 ohm-m. All the soundings are 3-layered and are characterised by A, H and Q curve types. Seventeen (17) VES station were delineated for high rise building having depths to fresh basement varying between 2 m to 5 m (where consolidated basement is shallow with high resistivity value). The corrosivity ratings of the study area shows that 13% is moderately corrosive, 8% is slightly corrosive and 79% suggest practically noncorrosive. The result reasonably provide information areas where high rise building can be sited and iron pipe can be laid in order to safeguard the hydrological setting of the area.Item Investigation into the Properties of Clay doped with Silver Ion for Use as a Catalyst(Journal of Science and Technology Research (JSTR), 2007) Olutoye, M. A.; Eterigho, E. J.; Agbajelola, O. D.The work on the investigation into the properties of clay doped with silver ion for use as a catalyst has been carried out. The clay sample from llorin from llorin, Kwara State, Nigeria was ground, sieved and calcined in a furnace at a temperature of 550- 600'C for a period of 6hrs. The sample was doped with silver ion using 0.2M of NaOH/NaCl Solution with 0.2M AgNO, in a ratio 2:1. The sample was than analyzed using X-ray fluorescence equipment (XRF) [Cement X-ray spectrometer, PW 1660, Philips X-ray Analyser) with a monitor. The following results were obtained 33.44% SiO2, 23.11% 1120g, 9.87% Fe203, 3.86% CaO, 1.98% MgO, 0.01% SO3, 0.87% K,0, 0.71% Na2O, 8.61% L.O.I, 3.03% L.S.F, 1.01S/R and 2.34% A/R for the calcined sample. While that of the doped samples are 33.15% SO2, 22.10 Al203, 9.23%Fe203, 4,44% CaO, 1.99% MgO, 0.04% SO3, 0.96% K2O, 8.10 L. O.1, 3.55 L.S.F, 1.06 S/R and 2.39 A/R. These results when compare with samples having catalytic properties was found to be suitable for use as a catalyst.Item Urban Sprawl Pattern Recognition and Modeling of Kaduna Metropolitan Area using Geographic Information System(Environmental Technology and Science Journal., 2007) Gana F. N.; Musa,H.D.Urban sprawl has been recognized as a problem that faces the developed world. Most developing countries follow their erstwhile colonial master's pattern of development; hence the problem of urban sprawl is not restricted to the developed world as it exists also in the developing of the world. However, the indicators are different as are the causes for sprawl. Developing country sprawl is largely a result of necessity people move to the city in search of better employment and opportunity Population dynamics are often cited as a driving force behind urban sprawl. This paper used Geographic Information Systems (GIS) mapping and land cover change analysis and neighbourhood statistics, to measure urban sprawl in Kaduna metropolitan area. Analyses of time series satellite images of urban land cover of Kaduna metropolis from 1973 to 2001(Landsat MSS of 1973, Landsat TM of 1990 and Landsat ETM of 2001). The data were reclassified to show only those classes that represent urbanized land. The two period's data were compared, to show the extent of urban growth over the last twenty eight years Patterns analyses of urban expansion using mapping capabilities within the GIS and neighbourhood statistics were carried out in order to show the density and connectivity of patches of new growth, The quantitative results from GIS data collection and analysis, and visual detection of sprawl patterns shown that urban sprawl is a part of urbanization processes in Kaduna metropolis. There is a 53.27 % increase in the level of urban land from 1973 to 2001. The increase in built-up land use was visible and result shows increase in the percentage of urban land in 1973 - 1990 constituted for approximately 46.73% of the study area. From 1990 to 2001, urban land accounted for approximately 53.27% of the study area. The result of the time series analysis revealed that urban land has increased over the twenty eight years time period by 145.52sq.metreItem Visualization of Ecotourism potentials of Borgu Sector of the Kainji Lake National Park(Journal of Research and Tourism. National Institute for Hospitality and Tourism (NIHOTOUR), 2007) Musa, Haruna D.Decision-making in tourism development and planning is becoming increasingly complex as organisations and communities have to come to terms with the competing economic, social and environmental demands of sustainable development. Geographic Information Systems (GlS) and Visualization is a computer-base, tool for gathering, storing, manipulating, analyzing, and displaying spatial data. GlS therefore, can be regarded as providing a toolbox of techniques and technologies of wide applicability to the achievement of sustainable tourism development. Spatial (environmental) data can be used to explore conflicts, examine impacts and assist decision-making. The study was carried out using ancillary data such as Maps (Topographic and Planimetric maps), as well as attribute data (such as species of fauna and flora existing, their distribution, tourist traffic, facilities available, and scenic inventories) of the park. The study revealed the importance of space information and technology in ecotourism planning and development.The main goal was to develop a simple Geographic Information System(GIS) that would serve as a Decision Support tool for ecotourism planning and development og Kainji Lake National Park(KLNP).Item Physical Characteristics of Ukpor and Ahoko Clay deposit for use as industrial raw materials(Advanced Materials Research: Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Switzerland, 2007-06-15) Eterigho, E. J.; Olutoye, M. A.The physical properties of some Nigerian clays were studied in order to determine their suitability for a variety of industrial applications. From the analysis, the specific gravity of Ukpor and Ahoko clays were 1.89 and 2.26 respectively and the Plasticity Index 26.05% and 22.45%, drying shrinkage was 18.90% and 8.2% and particle size distribution showed that the samples are clays. The results show that the physical properties of the clays are within the specifications for kaolin clays and are suitable for industrial usesItem Economic analysis of garri production in Ekiti State, Nigeria(2008) 12. Ojo, A.O., Amos, T.T., Ojo, M.A. and Ogaji, A.This study examined the socio-economics of gari production in Ekiti State. Data for this study were obtained using structured questionnaire administered to one hundred randomly sampled commercial gari producing enterprises from four Local Governments. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics, budgetary analysis (gross margin) and econometric method involving regression analysis. The study result revealed that gari production was dominated by females as over 90% of producers were females. About 52% of the respondents have no formal education while majority (80%) of the producers have less than 10 years production experience. Gross margin analysis revealed that gari production was a profitable venture in the study area with an average gross margin per annum of N299, 102.49. The regression analysis revealed that about 90% of the variation in the income of the producers was explained by the variables considered (R2 = 92%) The quantity of cassava tubers, quantity of fuel for transportation (litres), machine hour for grating and man-hour of labour for peeling were significant variables in gari production. The resource-use efficiency results also revealed that the quantity of cassava tubers as well as machine hour for grating were under-utilized while quantity of fuel for transportation (litres) and man-hour of labour for peeling were over-utilized. Based on the findings in this study, it is recommended that to ease the problem of smoke and heat, chimney should be constructed alongside the structures where production takes place and the structures should allow for cross ventilation. There should be adequate extension training for the producers on the effective and efficient management of their resources so as to avoid wastages. To also ease the problem of inadequate capital, producers should form cooperative societies to aid easy access to credit facilities for members.Item The Benefits and Problems of Kainji Lake National Park(School of Environmental Technology, Federal University of Technology Minna, 2008) Ayoola Adeyosoye BabatundeAny nation that wastes her resources will never make a good history. It has been observed that there are many tourists centers or attractions that reflect country’s cultural heritage all over the world such as Royal Castle Warsaw, Poland, Sidney opera House, Australia, All Giza pyramids, Cairo, Egypt and Kenya National Park. The countries that housed these tourists centers have benefited immensely both economically and socially. As these countries celebrate the gains of effective tourist utilization, Nigeria is still struggling with her tourist sector. It is within this context that this research examines the factors militating against effective development and utilization of tourism in Nigeria using Kainji Lake National Park as case study. Findings reveal poorly maintained facilities, lack of tourist experts, poor funding and low patronage as the major problems militating against effective performance of the center. The paper recommends development of a business plan, employment of experts, detailed maintenance plan and upgrading existing facilities. It is believed that this will go a long way in giving the center a new look with a view to achieving the much desired productivity geared toward effective income generation and preservation of national cultural heritage.Item Survey of Foetal Wastages: A case Study of Makurdi Abattoir in Benue State from 1997 to 2002(Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2008) Usman, Abdulkadir; Jiya, E. Z.; Akosu, S.This study was conducted to evaluate the causes and effects of foetal wastage in the Nigeria livestock industry, following indiscriminate slaughter of pregnant cows in Makurdi Abattoir, Benue State. A total of 45, 742 were slaughtered in the abattoir, with a total of 1,508 (3.9%) fetuses recovered from 1997 to 2002. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) between fetuses and years.Item Determination of the Kinetic Parameters in Adhesive Production(2008) Olutoye, M. A.; Eterigho, E. J.; Agbajelola, D. O.This work is aimed at developing a mathematical model to determine the concentration of Hydrogen Sulphide pollutant in air from the gas flare of a refinery. To achieve this, experimental data on concentration of Hydrogen Sulphide from Kaduna refinery and petrochemical company Nigeria were collected and the dispersion model was developed based on Gaussian distribution principle. The simulation of the model was carried out using visual basic programming. It was observed from the simulated result that the gas dispersion model developed for Hydrogen Sulphide showed a remarkable agreement with the dispersion pattern, and agrees with the experimental results with a correlation co efficient of 0.98. Thus, the model can be used to determine the safe distance for human habitation from an industrial area and the refinery in particular.