School of Environmental Technology (SET)

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School of Environmental Technology (SET)

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Urban Sprawl Pattern Recognition and Modeling of Kaduna Metropolitan Area using Geographic Information System
(Environmental Technology and Science Journal., 2007) Gana F. N.; Musa,H.D.
Urban sprawl has been recognized as a problem that faces the developed world. Most developing countries follow their erstwhile colonial master's pattern of development; hence the problem of urban sprawl is not restricted to the developed world as it exists also in the developing of the world. However, the indicators are different as are the causes for sprawl. Developing country sprawl is largely a result of necessity people move to the city in search of better employment and opportunity Population dynamics are often cited as a driving force behind urban sprawl. This paper used Geographic Information Systems (GIS) mapping and land cover change analysis and neighbourhood statistics, to measure urban sprawl in Kaduna metropolitan area. Analyses of time series satellite images of urban land cover of Kaduna metropolis from 1973 to 2001(Landsat MSS of 1973, Landsat TM of 1990 and Landsat ETM of 2001). The data were reclassified to show only those classes that represent urbanized land. The two period's data were compared, to show the extent of urban growth over the last twenty eight years Patterns analyses of urban expansion using mapping capabilities within the GIS and neighbourhood statistics were carried out in order to show the density and connectivity of patches of new growth, The quantitative results from GIS data collection and analysis, and visual detection of sprawl patterns shown that urban sprawl is a part of urbanization processes in Kaduna metropolis. There is a 53.27 % increase in the level of urban land from 1973 to 2001. The increase in built-up land use was visible and result shows increase in the percentage of urban land in 1973 - 1990 constituted for approximately 46.73% of the study area. From 1990 to 2001, urban land accounted for approximately 53.27% of the study area. The result of the time series analysis revealed that urban land has increased over the twenty eight years time period by 145.52sq.metre
Visualization of Ecotourism potentials of Borgu Sector of the Kainji Lake National Park
(Journal of Research and Tourism. National Institute for Hospitality and Tourism (NIHOTOUR), 2007) Musa, Haruna D.
Decision-making in tourism development and planning is becoming increasingly complex as organisations and communities have to come to terms with the competing economic, social and environmental demands of sustainable development. Geographic Information Systems (GlS) and Visualization is a computer-base, tool for gathering, storing, manipulating, analyzing, and displaying spatial data. GlS therefore, can be regarded as providing a toolbox of techniques and technologies of wide applicability to the achievement of sustainable tourism development. Spatial (environmental) data can be used to explore conflicts, examine impacts and assist decision-making. The study was carried out using ancillary data such as Maps (Topographic and Planimetric maps), as well as attribute data (such as species of fauna and flora existing, their distribution, tourist traffic, facilities available, and scenic inventories) of the park. The study revealed the importance of space information and technology in ecotourism planning and development.The main goal was to develop a simple Geographic Information System(GIS) that would serve as a Decision Support tool for ecotourism planning and development og Kainji Lake National Park(KLNP).
The Benefits and Problems of Kainji Lake National Park
(School of Environmental Technology, Federal University of Technology Minna, 2008) Ayoola Adeyosoye Babatunde
Any nation that wastes her resources will never make a good history. It has been observed that there are many tourists centers or attractions that reflect country’s cultural heritage all over the world such as Royal Castle Warsaw, Poland, Sidney opera House, Australia, All Giza pyramids, Cairo, Egypt and Kenya National Park. The countries that housed these tourists centers have benefited immensely both economically and socially. As these countries celebrate the gains of effective tourist utilization, Nigeria is still struggling with her tourist sector. It is within this context that this research examines the factors militating against effective development and utilization of tourism in Nigeria using Kainji Lake National Park as case study. Findings reveal poorly maintained facilities, lack of tourist experts, poor funding and low patronage as the major problems militating against effective performance of the center. The paper recommends development of a business plan, employment of experts, detailed maintenance plan and upgrading existing facilities. It is believed that this will go a long way in giving the center a new look with a view to achieving the much desired productivity geared toward effective income generation and preservation of national cultural heritage.
An Analysis of the Pattern of Land Development and Management in Niger State (1976-2006)
(The Estate Surveyors and Valuers .Nigerian Institute of Estate Surveyors and Valuers (NIESV), 2008) Musa, Haruna D.; Nuhu Mohammed Bashir
Recent land policy reforms in sub-Saharan Africa provided for the inclusion of customary tenure in land administration to improve tenure security for the poor and encourage land development. The failure of formal systems of land delivery to cope with the demands of rapidly growing urban populations has led to households in the urban areas of the developing world living in informal settlements characterised by extreme poverty and limited state capacity. This study analyses the pattern of land development and management in Minna in order to suggest ways to improve the administration and management of land in Niger State. The data for the study were collected from various sources. The design layouts of the built-up area of Minna town for the period between 1976 to 2006 were utilised. An extensive fieldwork was carried out to update information on the plots in the layouts to reflect the extent of development using four (4) classifications: Developed plots, Not developed plots, plots under construction, and plots with cases of prescribed landuse conversion. The extent of development(built-up area) in Minna was computed from the multi-dated layouts. 104 implemented layouts consist of 7,893 total plots implemented, 4,349(55.06%)plots were fully developed, while 2,599(32.93%) of the plots were not developed,672(8.51%)plots were still development or construction, and 273(3.46%) plots were encroached upon or claimed by the natives by reasons of non-payment or inadequate compensation. To mitigate the problems emanating from this, it is suggested that processing fees and other related charges be reduced and consideration given to the masses in the design and allocations, while the undeveloped allocated plots of land should be revoked and re-allocated to those who are ready for development.
INTEGRATED REMOTE SENSING APPROACH TO DESERTIFICATION MONITORING IN THE CROP-RANGELAND AREA OF YOBE STATE, NIGERIA
(Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa. Clarion University of Pennsylvania, Clarion, Pennsylvania, 2010) Haruna D. Musa; Bukar Shaib
One of the most important recent issues facing Yobe State, North Eastern Nigeria, as well as Sub-Saharan Africa, is the threat of continued land degradation and desertification as a result of climatic factors and human activities. Remote sensing and satellites imageries with temporal and synoptic view, play a major role in developing a global and local operational capability for monitoring land degradation and desertification in dry lands, as well as in Yobe State. The process of desertification in Yobe State, especially in Yusufari, Nguru, Karasuwa, and Bade areas, has increased rapidly, and much effort has been devoted to define and study its causes and impacts. This study depicts the monitoring capability afforded by remote sensing to analyze and map the desertification processes in Yobe State by using supervised classification by maximum likelihood technique. Three cloud-free Landsat; Multispectral Scanner (MSS) sensor on board the Landsat-2, Thematic Mapper(TM)sensor on board the Landsat-5 satellite and Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM +) scenes covering the study area were selected for analysis. Imageries were acquired in January (the dry and rainy season in the study area) in years 1973, 1986, and 2006, respectively. Application of multi-temporal remote sensing data on this study demonstrated that it is possible to detect and map desertification processes in the study area, as well as in arid and semi-arid lands. The results emphasized the phenomenon of sand encroachment from the northern part (Yusufari) to the southern part (Bade), following the wind direction. The increasing wind speed during the dry season is mainly attributed to the increase of sand encroachment in the study area. The study comes out with some valuable recommendations and comments, which could contribute positively in reducing sand encroachments, as well as land degradation and desertification processes in Yobe State.
An Evaluation of Post Occupancy of Public Office Buildings in Minna Urban
(Department of Mass Communication, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria, 2011) Ayoola Adeyosoye Babatunde
Since humans spend more than 90% of their lives inside constructed environments and reasonable percentage of their active time in productive activities in such environments like offices, it is fundamental to know how office environments support workers productivity and how best they are satisfied with these environments. Post Occupancy Evaluation therefore has long been recognised as a method of measuring the performance of a building in use as well as provide information for upgrading or improving existing facilities. It is against this backgound that this work examines post occupancy evaluation of public buildings in Minna, Nigeria. The primary method of data collection was an extensive questionnaire combined with physical observation of office environments. The study reveals that there is no significant relationship between quality of office environment and workers productivity. Finally, the study suggests the involvement of workers at design decisions that affect their offices for there to be an enabling environment and perfect job satisfaction by workers.
An Assessment of Challenges to Land Accessibility for Urban Development in Minna
(Department of Geography and Planning Science, Faculty of the Social Sciences, University of Ado-Ekiti, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria, 2012) Ayoola Adeyosoye Babatunde
Land is a central issue to man’s activities. But as population and affluence grow especially in our urban centers, there is an increase in the demand for land by government, private individuals and corporate bodies. This inevitably brings about the survival of the fittest syndrome and greater number of people in the urban areas still do not have access to formal land for private use regardless of the great powers endowed the state governments by the Land Use Act of 1978 to hold in trust and administer land for the common benefit of all Nigerians. This paper therefore examines the challenges to land accessibility in Minna, Nigeria. Findings revealed that 61% of the respondents own land while 39% do not own land. Out of the respondents that own land, 67.8% have developed their lands while 32.2 % of the respondents are yet to develop their lands. Lack of fund, lack of electricity, lack of access to land and shanty structures around undeveloped plots are the reasons why land owners are yet to develop their lands while Inadequate fund and lack of interest are the major reasons why respondents do not own land. The study reveals that there is significant relationship between the level of income group of respondents and land ownership in Minna. It also reveals that there is significant relationship between holders of certificates of occupancy and their level of income. Finally, the paper suggests that government should ensure provision of infrastructural facilities, payment of appropriate minimum wages and allowances to workers as well as ensuring safety of lives and properties of the people with the view to accelerating urban development at the study area.
Slum Development in 3rd World Countries: Causes, Effect and Way out (A Case Study of Ibadan South East Local Government, Nigeria)
(West Africa Built Environment Research (WABER) Conference. C/o Dr Samuel Laryea, School of Construction Management and Engineering, University of Reading, Reading, UK, 2012) Adeniran Ayoade Adeleye; Kemiki Olurotimi Adebowale; Ayoola Adeyosoye Babatunde
Slums and squatting areas accommodate the majority of the population of cities in developing countries and it is estimated to be home to over 800million people, which is predicted by the UN-Habitat (2003) to grow to between 1 and 2 billion by 2020. This case of slum development is not alien to Nigeria. This study considers the case of Ibadan Metropolis. The major factors as discovered, contributing to slum development include rural-urban migration, unplanned neighborhood, overpopulation, non-compliance with laid down rules and illiteracy. The resultant effects of this are overcrowding, outbreak of diseases, loss of man hours, insecurity of life, and decline in property values amongst others. To get out of this web which keeps entangling us like a vicious cycle, the government at all levels have a major role to play by providing and implementing enabling laws and regulations, improving waste disposal, drainage and sanitary system as well as implement urban renewal.
Analysis And Prediction Of Cost And Time Overrun Of Millennium Development Goals (MDGS) Construction Projects In Nigeria.
(Developing Country Studies, 2012) Edoka Augustine Ijigah; OGUNBODE Ezekiel Babatunde; Moshood O. Ibrahim
Abstract The paper focuses on the analysis and forecast of cost and time overrun of MDGs construction projects in Nigeria. Twenty five MDGs construction projects from (2006-2009) were critically investigated and time and cost overrun of the project were studied. The Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS) 19.0 version was used to analyse the variables using Paired t-test and simple regression at 95% confidence limits. The analysis was based on the adaptation of requisition method. The validity test on the efficiency of the model was highlighted using the confidence interval to enhance the application of the models. Mathematical models were developed. The findings shows that there is a significant different between the total contract sum, cost overrun, total contract duration, and time overrun for the MDGS projects. The study suggests acute need for government to engage in proactive strategic planning and approaches to keep construction project cost and time within reasonable limit for the actualization of MDGs policy of development and environmental sustainability.
An Appraisal of Household Domestic Energy Consumption in Minna, Nigeria
(IOSR Journal Of Environmental Science, Toxicology And Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT), 2012-11-03) Abd’razack, N.T.A., Medayese, S.O., Matins, V. I., Idowu, O.O., Adeleye, B.M. and Bello, L.O.
One of the characteristics of African cities is uncoordinated urbanization with a trend of 4% annually, but the rate differs according to regions. Several factors are associated with urbanization such as lifestyle, consumption habit and pattern. The environment today is facing challenges from urbanization as consumption of resources such as land; water; energy, and air have changed to artificial environment. Energy consumption has been the driving force in global warming. Overtime, urbanization has been a great threat to sustainability of urban environment. However, kerosene and LPG that are supposed to be the major source of energy for cooking becomes unaffordable to low income households. This research was conducted in two residential areas of the identified neighbourhood and the choice of this neighbourhood is influenced by the fact that the phenomenon under study is more prevalent in the high and medium density localities. The effect of increase in electricity tariff, kerosene and LPG has shifted the focus of household source of cooking energy to biomass and this has been the cause of the environmental problems in the area which includes Indoor Air Pollution, Deforestation and Desertification. The analysis however shows a significant relationship between choice of energy and income. Keywords: Deforestation; Energy Consumption, Households; Environment; Urbanization.
An Appraisal of Household Domestic Energy Consumption in Minna, Nigeria.
(IOSR Journal Of Environmental Science, Toxicology And Food Technology, 2012-12-06) Abdrazack, N.T.A.; Medayese, S.O.; Matins, V. I.; Idowu, O .O,; Adeleye B.M,; Bello, L.O
One of the characteristics of African cities is uncoordinated urbanization with a trend of 4% annually, but the rate differs according to regions. Several factors are associated with urbanization such as lifestyle, consumption habit and pattern. The environment today is facing challenges from urbanization as consumption of resources such as land; water; energy, and air have changed to artificial environment. Energy consumption has been the driving force in global warming. Overtime, urbanization has been a great threat to sustainability of urban environment. However, kerosene and LPG that are supposed to be the major source of energy for cooking becomes unaffordable to low income households. This research was conducted in two residential areas of the identified neighbourhood and the choice of this neighbourhood is influenced by the fact that the phenomenon under study is more prevalent in the high and medium density localities. The effect of increase in electricity tariff, kerosene and LPG has shifted the focus of household source of cooking energy to biomass and this has been the cause of the environmental problems in the area which includes Indoor Air Pollution, Deforestation and Desertification. The analysis however shows a significant relationship between choice of energy and income.
THE PROFESSIONAL VALUTION OF TRADITIONAL BUILDINGS FOR COMPENSATION IN SELECTED RURAL AREAS, NIGER STATE.
(Centre for Human Settlements and Urban Development, Federal University of Technology, Minna., 2013) Nuhu, M. B.; Ogunbajo, R.A.
The adequacy of Compensation payable for Properties acquired by government for overriding public interest is a subject of contention in many circles, particularly among the affected parties and in developing countries. This paper examined the valuation of traditional buildings for payment of compensation in selected rural areas in Niger State. It carefully examined the type of structures in the study area, the procedure and methodology of assessment to establish the adequacy of compensation payable, and the challenges in valuing these class of properties. Particular emphasis is placed on the uniqueness of the valuation of this class of properties. Principal data were derived from, physical inspections and field surveys, and interviews conducted with the affected property owners and participating estate surveyors. Among other discoveries, it was discovered that the compensation payable so far are inadequate and no plan to resettle the claims being farmers as the amount payable cannot purchase another similar land for their habitation and economic activities. It is therefore paramount that valuation for compensation be properly carried out such that it reflects the value under the circumstance to the person forced to sale.
An Assessment of Housing Maintenance and Management in Federal Housing Estates in Abuja, Nigeria.
(Nigerian Institution of Estate Surveyors and Valuers, 2013) OGUNBAJO R. A.
This research examined the the management and maintenance of federal housing estates in Abuja with a view to establishing the etent of housing management in ensuring sustainable housing. It focused on selected federal housing estates to assess how well the eisting housing stock were managed. A sample size of 400 housing units was adopted in each of the sampled estates from a total population of 3,415and 3,494 using stratified random sampling technique. Questionnaire were administered on households that fell within the sample group, and centered on the condition of buildings, management responsibility, frequency of maintenance, availability and access to neighbourhood facilities and services, and general management approach among others. A responce rate of 92.75% and 91% was recorded in both estates. Surveys were also carried out to assess the condition of access roads, drainages, street lights and other neighbourhood facilities. Collected data were analyzed using frequency distribution and percentages. The study revealed that housing units and infrastructure presents varying conditions ranging from very good, good. fair, bad and very bad. It also revealed the extent of housing management and maintenance which is responsible for the preent outlook of the estates. The study reccommended that minimum maintenance standards be set for residents to ensure that houses are maintained in good and decorative states of repair, while also emphasizing the need for residents to adopt good maintenance culture.
Generating Revenue through Property Tax: The Implication on the Attitude of Commercial Property Occupiers in Jos North Local Government
(Elixer Publishers, 2013) Ajayi M.T.A; Ighalo J.I; Ogunbajo R.A
Property tax is gradually becoming a major source of revenue for local councils in Nigeria. However, in generating revenue through property tax there is the need for local councils to consider the attitude of the residents within their jurisdiction to payment of the property tax in order to encourage public participation in the usage and the collection of the property tax. The methodology of study therefore is based on the questionaire distribution of 0.00035% of the population of the study and analysed with multivariate analysis. The multivariate analysis examined the payment of property tax as an independent variable against three dependent variables which are Awareness of Property tax, willingness to pay if property tax is splited into forms and willingness to reside or shift location if the property tax is reviewed upward. The result of the study suggest that with a calculated alpha level of 0.024 which is less than 0.05, commercial property occupants in this local government will shift location if the property tax is reviewed upward. It is the recommendation of the study therefore, that there will be the need for local government to set up a machinery to monitor the attitude of the residents as this findings may be different in other local government areas.
URBAN AGRICULTURE: A NEW PERSPECTIVE IN FOOD SECURITY IN NIGERIA
(International Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering and Development, 2013-03) Nwose, I.A. and Adesina E.A.
This paper aims to highlight and assess urban agriculture as a new perspective in food security in Nigeria. It deserves highlighting because its expositions and place in sub-Saharan economic history have been embedded in broader arguments, creating a heuristic need to give it a balanced and lucid examination. Indeed, it needs revision to realize more of its potential than has been revealed to date. Specifically, it will be argued that urban agriculture is specific to effectively realizing food security in Nigeria. The paper will also explore the implications of improved urban agriculture for an understanding of food security in Nigeria. It will examine the investments in urban agriculture and food security techniques that could be adopted in Nigeria.
Bathymetric Survey and Volumetric Analysis for Sustainable Management Case Study of Suleja Dam, Niger State, Nigeria
(Journal of Environment and Earth Science, 2014) H. A. Samaila – Ija, O.G. Ajayi, N. Zitta, J.O. Odumosu, A.A. Kuta, E. A. Adesina. P. Ibrahim
Ocean floor and the shape of the shoreline are major influencers of the changes in tidal propagation. Bathymetry; a survey operation aimed at determining the nature of the underwater level and topography of a water body’s bed level plays a cogent role in the determination of both the shape of the shoreline and the ocean floor thereby aiding the monitoring and spatio-temporal modelling of the changes in tidal propagation as much as it ensures the availability of hydro-data which is the foundation of a Maritime Database Management System (MDBMS). This work presents the findings of the bathymetric survey and volumetric analysis of Suleja Dam located in the North central Region of Nigeria. The Differential Global Positioning System receiver (DGPS) (Promark 3), automatic level, echomap 50s in conjunction with the engine boat were used during this research. The data acquired was processed using the GNSS solutions software with the chart plotted in surfer 9 software environment. The surface area of the dam was discovered to be 24.64ha less than the designed area. Also the volume of water was found to be 3.6 x 106m3 in contrast to the design volume of 34.7x106m3. It was also observed that the lowest water depth was 0.56m and the highest water depth was 22.06m, therefore a difference of 5.94m was obtained as against the initial construction depth of 28.00m. The undulating nature of the reservoir bed and the difference in volume of water and surface area covered by the dam are pointers and clear indications of sedimentation and siltation process going on in the dam.
Using a GIS-Based Network Analysis to Determine Urban Greenspace Accessibility for Different Socio-Economic Groups, Specifically Related to Deprivation in Leicester, UK
(Civil and Environmental Research, 2014) Abdullahi Ahmed Kuta, Joseph Olayemi Odumosu, Oluibukun Gbenga Ajayi, Nanpon Zitta, Hassan A. Samail-Ija, Ekundayo. A. Adesina
Accessibility to green space by different socio-economic groups, specifically related to deprivation in the English city of Leicester, was done using Geographical Information System (GIS) network analysis. The result was compared with the ANGSt standard, which provided the benchmark for assessing green space in the UK. The result shows that a greater percentage of socio-economically deprived groups in Leicester lack access to green space within 300m of their homes. For distances of 2000m and 5000m, 70% have access. This work has explored the use of GIS network analysis to assess the accessibility of greenspace among socio-economically deprived groups, which will help those saddled with the responsibility of providing greenspace in carrying out their duties to ensure equity. This analysis can be extended to other groups in Leicester, e.g., the handicapped, elderly, etc, to assess how accessible Greenspace is to them.
An Analysis of Relationship between Working Height and Productivity of Masonry Workers on Site
(Civil and Environmen Journal, 2014) Alumbugu, Polycarp Olaku,SAIDU, Ibrahim , Abdullahi Sa’adu Gulma, Wasiu Adeniran Ola-awo Abdulmumin Abdulazeez & Bolaji Suleiman
The analysed the relationship between working height and productivity of masonry worker on construction site by investigating two project sites. Data were also gathered by observing work activity on site. Time study form was design to record the various elements of the task performed and the time taken to complete each element over a period of observation at both floor levels for a period of six working days. A total of thirty structured questionnaires were administered on the factors affecting workers productivity on construction site. T-test was used to determine the difference between productivity at different level. The research concluded that the factors affecting\workers productivity are: Availability of materials, Weather, Gang size, Enabling environment, Height of work have strongly significant effect on the productivity of workers output on construction sites. A none statistically significant difference existed between the output of block laying at both floor levels but a statistically significant difference existed between the output of concrete work at first suspended floor slab and second suspended floor slab. It was also concluded that the output determined for Block laying was 12m2 /day, Concrete work 19m2 /day and16m2 /day at 1st suspended and 2nd suspended floors respectively. It was recommended that the result of this research should be used to provide information upon which planning, scheduling and cost control of block laying, plastering and concrete works can be carried out.
The Relationship between Residential Property Development and Property Tax generation in Ibadan North, Oyo State
(Canadian Centre of Science and Education., 2014) Ajayi M. T. A.; Ogunbajo A. Rukaiyat; Sule I. Abass; Abdulkareem Sekinat
This paper examined the relationship between residential property development and property tax generation in Ibadan North Local Government, Oyo State- Nigeria. Data on residential properties within the Local Government for an eleven year period (1999 – 2010) was obtained from the appropriate planning authority, while records of property taxes generated within the same eleven year period was sourced from the taxing authority within the local government. Regression analysis was used to examine the degree and nature of relationship that a change in the number of residential properties will have on the generation of property taxes. Results showed that the actual property tax paid in Ibadan North Local Government Council is being influenced by the number of residential buildings within the council at about 59.3% variation. This implies that a positive variation in the number of residential buildings within the council will lead to a positive variation in the actual property tax generated. Investigation further revealed that this revenue option is however not fully utilized as payments of these taxes are not fully enforced by the taxing authority. It is therefore paramount that the local government seeks for means of improving its tax base through effective property taxation, thus increasing funds available for community development projects such as electrification, road construction, drainages and other essential utilities.
Analysis of the Activities of Land Administration Machineries in Abuja and Minna, Nigeria
(International Organisation of Scientific Research, Indian, 2014-02) Ayoola Adeyosoye Babatunde; Kemiki Olurotimi Adebowale; Abdulkareem Sekinat; Fabunmi Foluke Olanike
This study attempts to have a comparative analysis of the activities of land administration machineries in FCC, Abuja and Minna using some selected districts and neighbourhoods as case study areas. Questionnaires were administered to Individual land owners, property developers or plot allottees who own land from ages Eighteen (18) and above as well as interview to some staff of departments of land administration machineries in FCC, Abuja and Minna. Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS), Geometric Mean Model and Linkert Scale were statistical tools employed. Findings revealed that the average growth in land allocations made available to people by government within the study period of 2000 – 2009 in FCC and Minna were191.25% and 29.22% respectively. In FCC, Delay of process and extortion of money by government officials are sufficient reasons why individual land owners will not be willing to process title documents to land. While in Minna, the reasons are Exorbitant Processing Cost, Delay of Process and extortion of money by government officials. The paper suggests among others that land administration officials should abstain from illegal acts during land transactions, government should ensure that adequate income packages are paid to land administration officials and ensures enlightening and educating customary land owners on the need for compulsory acquisition.