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Item Stabilization characteristics of cemented lateritic soil produced with selected cement types(Elsevier, 2025-01-10) A.A. Amadi; S.S. Kolo; YUSUF, Abdulazeez; F.E. Eze; U. SalihIt is recognized that different cements have different properties and stabilization effectiveness for different ap plications. The challenge of using the right type of cement should be a concern for practitioners in civil engi neering construction. In this study, an experimental testing programme was conducted to evaluate and compare the stabilizing effects of CEM I 42.5 N, CEM II/B-L 42.5 N and CEM III/A 42.5 N types of cement on some physical and mechanical properties of lateritic soil. Laboratory tests performed on soil mixtures containing the selected cements added to constitute 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 % of the dry weight of the composite materials include the con sistency and compaction tests determined on the basis of fresh mixtures. In addition, unconfined compressive strength (UCS) test on specimens compacted at optimum moisture conditions with the British Standard Light (BSL) compaction effort and cured for 7, 28 and 90 days was performed. In equal proportions, soil mixtures prepared with the different types of cements yielded comparable results in terms of reducing the plasticity index (PI) from values as high as 60 % in untreated state to 5.05 %, 7.05 % and 8.2 % respectively for CEM I, CEM II and CEM III at 12 % cement content. Addition of cement also increased both the maximum dry unit weight (γ dmax ) and optimummoisture content (OMC) of the soil with CEM I cement having the greatest effect while CEM III cement affected the γ dmax γ dmax 3 =1.95 kN/m of the soil the least. For example, when compacted with BSH effort, CEM I achieved 3 and OMC =25 %,while for CEM III, γ γ dmax 3 of 1.53 kN/m dmax =1.63 kN/m and OMC =22.6 % compared to and OMC of 21.1 % for the untreated soil. Regardless of the cement type, there was an overall improvement in the strength properties of the lateritic soil represented by a range of 11– 14 times for UCS and31-62folds for E 50 at 12 %cementafter 90 days curing duration in comparison with the untreated soil. While strength gain was higher in CEM I based mixtures at early (7 day) age (1635.44, 1622.85 and 1599.55 kN/ m2 for CEM I, CEM II and CEM III respectively at 12 % cement content), CEM III provided superior strength improvement at the long term (90 day) curing period (2566.25 compared to 2444.58 and 2465.77 kN/m α 2 respectively for CEM I and CEM II at 12 % cement content). Using the variance analysis (ANOVA) at a signifi cance level ( ) of 0.05, the influence of cement type was statistically confirmed for the liquid limit, optimum moisture content and UCS at 28 and 90 days curing ages.Item POTENTIALS OF DEKINA CASSAVA PEEL ASH IN CONCRETE PRODUCTION(3RD INTERNATIONAL CIVIL ENGINEERING CONFERENCE, 2024-02-28) Ismail, S. P; Kolo, D. N; YUSUF, AbdulazeezBasic conventional building materials like cement and aggregates are becoming increasingly expensive due to high cost incurred in their processes, production and transportation. The utilization of locally available materials such as cassava peel ash that can either reduce or replace the conventional ones is being considered. Following review paper summarizes the mechanical and durability characteristics of cassava peel ash compared with ordinary Portland cement. The cassava peel ash was obtained by calcinations of cassava peel to 7000 c temperature. The sample was investigated using XRS-FP Analysis, for evaluating the concentration of each component such as SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, CaO, MgO, SO3, K2O Na2O, LoI, the phase composition, mechanical and durability properties evolution. From this review is obvious that significant analytical techniques have been successfully carried out and a significant concentration of 81.14% was obtained. These analyses have shown that natural pozzolan based geopolymer has potential to be used as sustainable building materials. It was discovered that the cassava peel ash contains all the main chemical constituents of cement though in lower percentage compared with OPC which shows that it can serve as a suitable replacement if the right percentage is used. However, its durability and sulphuric acid resistance improved considerably at greater replacement of cement with cassava peel ash. The study recommends that concrete made with cassava peel ash can be used for light construction works where high strength is not major requirement but where durability is a major concern.Item OPTIMIZATION OF COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF PERIWINKLE SHELL CONCRETE USING SCHEFFE’S MODEL(3RD INTERNATIONAL CIVIL ENGINEERING CONFERENCE, 2025-02-28) Ibrahim A; Abbas., B.A; YUSUF, AbdulazeezThis study investigates the application of scheffe’s model in compressive strength optimization of periwinkle shell-coarse aggregate (PSCA) concrete. Physical properties of the aggregates such as specific gravity, bulk density, sieve analysis and workability of concrete were determined. Specific gravities of fine and coarse aggregates were 2.62 and 2.68 respectively, Moisture content for aggregate for fine and coarse aggregate were 7.08 and 3.03 respectively. The bulk densities were 1612.82kg/m3 and 1394.64kg/m3 respectively. From the sieve analysis test, the sand belonged to zone 2 and well graded with coefficient of gradation of 1.04. Ninety 150mm x150mm x 150mm cube specimens were produced for the compressive strength test. Model was fitted to data obtained on the compressive strength and mathematical model was developed based on Scheffe’s model. The formulated model was tested for adequacy at 95% level of confidence using t-statistic. The compressive strength of concrete was observed to decrease with increase in the percentage replacement of periwinkle shells (PS). The reduced value of the compressive strength may be due to lower specific gravity, water absorption capacity value of periwinkle shell compared to that of crushed granite. The blending of the two materials caused a reduction in strength value of the end product since specific gravity is strength related. The reduced compressive strength value may also be due to the fact that periwinkle shell has fewer binding properties compared to crushed granite. After 28 days of water curing, the concrete gave an average optimum compressive strength value of 25.78N/mm2 corresponding to a mix proportion of 1, 0.1, 1, 1.9 (cement, periwinkle shell, sand, granite) at a water-cement ratio of 0.4. This compressive strength value obtained at 5% replacement is within the recommended value required for plain concrete works, lean concrete, simple foundations, masonry walls and other simple construction works in low- cost housing constructionsItem MODAL ANALYSIS OF BARIKIN SALEH BRIDGE DECK USING FINITE ELEMENT SOFTWARE SIMULATION METHOD(3RD INTERNATIONAL CIVIL ENGINEERING CONFERENCE (ICEC, 2024), 2025-02-28) O.O. Rasaq; YUSUF, Abdulazeez; D.N. Kolo; H.S. AbdulrahmanThe increase in traffic along Barikin Saleh area of Minna Niger State calls for the analysis of the bridge deck due to the increasing and fluctuating traffic volume. In this paper, the modal analysis of the Barikin Saleh bridge deck based on finite element software simulation method was studied. The simulation was carried out to determine natural frequencies and the corresponding mode shapes of the bridge deck using ANSYS workbench software. The parameters of the bridge used in the simulation were Length,16m; Width, 10.75m; Second moment of inertia I, 4.16m4; Area A, .56m2; Young’s modulus E, 35300MPa; Density p, 2600 kg/m3, and Concrete Grade G, 50MPa. Based on the simulation output, the bridge exhibited six (6) clear mode shapes and corresponding natural frequencies of 20.299Hz,20.436Hz, 22.875Hz, 25.087Hz, 30.003Hz, and 35.205Hz. The highest natural frequency for the bridge was 35.205Hz, at the bridge deck mid-span. The implication of this is that the lifespan of the bridge might be reduced due to fatigue damage that can occur as a result of repeated loading and unloading of the bridge deck at this frequency. The findings from this study provide valuable insights into the dynamic behavior of Barikin Saleh bridge deck, which can be useful for its maintenance, repair and retrofitting.Item Effect of Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregate with Crumb Rubber in Concrete Made with Bida Gravel(4th International Engineering Conference (IEC 2022), 2023-10-22) Mohammed T. A.; Abbas B. A; YUSUF, Abdulazeez; Oritola S. F.The availability of sand at cheap rates for use as fine aggregate in concrete production is ever becoming unfeasible and this, in addition to environmental sustainability, places a huge need to search for an alternative source of fine aggregate materials. Crumb rubber made from waste automobile tires, can be used to complement sand as fine aggregate in concrete production. This study seeks to investigate the effect of partially replacing fine aggregate with crumb rubber in concrete made with Bida natural stones. Crumb rubber gotten from waste automobile tires was used to replace fine aggregate in the concrete at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25%. The particle size distribution, workability, and compressive strength of these concrete specimens were extensively studied. Curing was done for the period of 7, 14, and 21 days. A mix ratio of 1: 1.65: 2.42 was used for cement content, fine aggregates, and Bida natural stones, respectively, at a water-to-cement ratio of 0.45. Results from the workability test performed showed that a higher percentage replacement of crumb rubber gives a corresponding decrease in the workability of the concrete. In addition, the results obtained from each concrete mix for all cases of curing ages revealed that flexural and compressive strengths decrease with an increasing percentage replacement of crumb rubber in the concrete mix. The flexural strength of the concrete mix was observed to be 6.08N/mm2 at 5% crumb rubber replacement. While at 25% crumb rubber replacement, a flexural strength of 3.08N/mm2 was observed. Similarly, the compressive strength of the concrete mix at 5% crumb rubber replacement was noticed to be 20.88N/mm2 and 11.89N/mm2 at 25% crumb rubber replacement. This implies that concrete made using crumb rubber as a partial replacement for fine aggregate can be used for structural applications such as in the construction of reinforced concrete slabs, beams, columns, and foundations where high strength is not required.Item APPLICATION OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE FOR PREDICTING THE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE USING NATURAL AGGREGATE(2nd Annual Seminar of The Nigerian Society of Engineers Bida Branch:, 2023-10-05) Okafor A.; YUSUF, Abdulazeez; Abbas B. A.; Kolo D. N.; Adelasoye J.This seminar presentation explored the application of various artificial intelligence techniques such as Artificial Neural network (ANN), Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) and Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) for predicting the compressive strength of concrete using natural aggregates. Twenty-seven different experimental data points which was augmented to 180 data points was used in the study. The ANN, ANFIS and MLR models were developed, trained, tested and validated with the augmented data using MATLAB software. Statistical evaluators like the R2, MSE and the RMSE was used to evaluate the algorithm with the strongest predictive capability. The results obtained from the analysis revealed distinct performance variations among the three AI models studied. Both the ANN and ANFIS models consistently demonstrated superior predictive capabilities compared to the MLR model. The ANN gave R2 of 1, MSE of 8.66e-26 and RMSE 2.94e-13, the ANFIS gave R2 values of 1, MSE of 0.00033 and RMSE of 0.0183 while the MLR reported R2 values of 0.1243, MSE of 85.93 and RMSE of 9.27. The ANN model was adjudged to be the best prediction model for concrete containing natural aggregate based on the performance metrics.Item DEVELOPMENT OF MODELS FOR PREDICTING CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO OF LATERITIC SOIL USING SELECTED SOFT COMPUTING TECHNIQUES(3rd International Conference on Artificial intelligence and Robotics, 2023-05-10) F.E Eze; T.E Adejumo; A A. Amadi; YUSUF, AbdulazeezModels for predicting the California bearing ratio values of lateritic soil was developed using soft computing techniques. Soft computing techniques are algorithm which find provably correct and optimal solutions to problem. The Soaked CBR values used in pavement design takes about 96 hours to complete the test process. This can be time-consuming and expensive, Hence the need for researches to seek for alternate means of obtaining it. Several researchers have employed the use of Artificial Neural network (ANN), Gene expression programming (GEP), Support Vector machine (SVM) and Deep neural network (DNN) to predict CBR values, these models have inherent limitations such as sensitivity to hyper-parameters, limited flexibility and lack of interpretability. This study proposes a new model to address this challenge, Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) and its hybrid (ANFIS) were considered. Soil samples were collected from a burrow pit and required tests were conducted on the collected soil samples, Tests carried out are index, compaction and California bearing ratio. The experimental result data was augmented from data gotten from previous research work (unpublished) in same study area. The result gotten was used for training the models. 70% of the data was used for training and the remaining for the validation of the models. Two different models were developed and the performance of each model was measured by the coefficient of determination (R2), Mean Square Error (MSE) and Root mean square Error (RMSE). Upon analyzing the result, the both models ANN and ANFIS demonstrated high accuracies but ANFIS model gave a higher predictive accuracy of 0.98 as R2, RMSE of 0.11 and MSE of 0.33. ANFIS Model demonstrated exceptional accuracy and precision in capturing complex relationships within the data and hence should be adopted in the prediction of CBR values of lateritic soil.Item Effect of Partial Replacement of Cement with Cow Dung Ash Using Bida Natural Coarse Aggregate(School of Environmental Technology, Federal University of Technology, Minna, 0022-10-05) Abbas, B. A.; YUSUF, Abdulazeez; Kolo, D. N; Aboje, A. A.; Mahmud, M.B.; Ndaiji, A. U.The research investigates the effect of partial replacement of cement with cow dung ash (CDA) in concrete production using Bida natural coarse aggregate. Water to cement ratio and mix ratio of 0.6 and 1:2:4 was adopted respectively. The aggregates used were characterized and the cow dung was calcined at a temperature between 400-500oC. Concrete was produced using CDA as cement replacement at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35% and 40%. Slump of the freshly produced concrete was determined and the compressive strength of the hardened concrete was determined at 7, 21 and 28 days of curing. The sum of SiO2, Al2O3 and Fe2O3 in CDA exceeds the 70% minimum specified by ASTMC 618-12. The slump of the fresh concrete ranges from 0 – 40 mm while the compressive strength at 28 days curing duration ranges from 12.59N/mm2 19.29N/mm2 and density was 2323.95kg/m3– 2554.59kg/m3 respectively. The test results revealed that the compressive strength decrease with increase in CDA content and increase with curing age. The strength results indicate that there was no much significant difference between the control specimen with 0% CDA and that containing 5% CDA. This implies that concrete made using CDA as partial replacement for cement can be used for structural applications such as in the construction of reinforced concrete slabs, beams, columns and foundations. The study concluded that CDA has pozzolanic properties and can be used to replace up to 10% cement in concrete produced using Bida natural coarse aggregate.Item Effectiveness of Locust Bean Epicarp Extract on Re-vibrated Concrete Using Pebbles from Bida Environs as Coarse Aggregate(Springer Nature Switzerland AG, 2024-09-22) Abbas Bala Alhaji; Mohammed Tahir Abdul; YUSUF, Abdulazeez; Kolo Daniel Ndakuta; Abubakar Mahmud; Abdullahi AliyuPurpose: In this research, the effect of re-vibrated concrete using locust bean epicarp extract and Bida natural stone (Pebbles) as coarse aggregate was presented. Design/Methodology/Approach: The concrete mix of 1:2:4 and water cement ratio of 0.5 was adopted respectively. One hundred and sixty-eight (168) concrete cubes were produced in six (6) batches, 28 cubes were produced for control (mix A = 0% LBEE + 100% OPC) and 28 for (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20%) cement reduction respectively. Findings: The results of preliminary test of the aggregates indicate that they are suitable for concrete production and the chemical analysis of LBEE showed that it is a very good pozzolana. Concrete cubes were cast with re vibration time lag intervals of 10 min for the period of 60 min re-vibration process and cured for 7 and 28 days. The result shows that introduction of LBEE improve the compressive strength of concrete. The result obtained also shows that there is increase in compressive strength with the increase in re-vibration time lag of LBEE concrete, hence the maximum compressive strength was obtained at 60 min for all batches. The maximum compressive strength obtained at 28 days curing was 35.70 N/mm2 for B (0% cement reduction) at 60% re-vibration which is higher than 34.0 N/mm2 for control mix A. The optimum cement reduction of concrete made incor porating LBEE without re-vibration and the one with re-vibration is 5% and 20% respectively. Practical Implications: This types of concrete can be used for struc tural application such as in the construction of reinforced concrete slabs, beams, columns and foundations. Social Implications: In order to provide adequate housing for over increasing population of people in Bida and Environs the use of Locust Bean Epicarp Extract on Re-vibrated Concrete Using Pebbles from Bida as coarse aggre gate should be encouraged by individuals and government at all levels. This will also lead to reduction in construction cost of houses in Nigeria and create employment to the rural dwellers where locust bean trees are grown. Originality and Value:This study contributed to the pool of knowledge on how Locust Bean Epicarp Extract and concrete Re-vibration has improved the strength of concrete. Thus 20% and 5% is recommended as the optimum cement reduction of concrete made incorporating LBEE with re-vibration and the one without re-vibration respectively.